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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS, 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 


CHAMPAIGN,  APRIL,  1893. 


BULLETIN  NO.  25. 


FIELD  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  CORN,  1892. 

This  bulletin  gives  the  results  of  some  experiments  with  field  corn  in 
1892,  together  with  a  summary  of  the  results  obtained  in  the  same  ex- 
periments in  1888,  1889,  1890,  and  1891. 

The  following  are  reported: 

No.  i.     Test  of  varieties.  No.  3.     Time  of  planting. 

No.  4.     Depth  of  planting.  No.  5.     Thickness  of  planting. 

No.  6.     Planting  in  hills  or  drills.    No.  8.     Frequency  of  cultivation. 
No.  9.     Depth  of  cultivation.  No.  10.     Effect  of  root-pruning. 

No.  89.     Cross  fertilization.  No.  134.     Effect  of  removing  tassels. 

No.  90.     Growth  of  the  corn  plant;  increase  of  its  dry  matter. 

SUMMARY. 

The  experiments  were  tried  on  the  dark  colored,  fertile,  prairie  soil 
common  to  central  Illinois.  The  surface  soil  is  about  18  inches  deep, 
underlaid  with  yellow  clay.  In  most  cases  the  land  had  been  in  wheat 
or  oats  in  1891,  and  was  plowed  in  the  spring.  The  corn  was  planted 
by  hand,  covered  with  a  hoe,  generally  with  four  kernels  in  hills  3  ft. 
8  in.  apart  each  way. 

The  season  was  exceptional  in  its  character.  The  rainfall  was 
excessive  in  May  and  June;  below  an  average  later  in  the  season.  For 
the  five  months — from  May  to  September — it  was  19.08  in.,  the  average 
for  this  portion  of  the  year  being  from  1 8  to  20  in.  The  average  mean 
temperature  for  these  five  months  was  67.4°,  which  is  below  the  aver- 
age during  a  series  of  years. 


BULLETIN    NO.    25.  [April, 

TEMPERATURE  AND  RAINFALL  DURING   THE  CORN  SEASON  OF  YEARS  NAMED. 

Mean  temperatttre,  F. 


Year                 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Average. 

1887 

67.9° 
59.4° 
59.2° 

58.3° 
58.4° 
57-9° 

73-6° 
71-3° 
65-5° 
74-6° 

72° 

70.6° 

80.4° 
77° 
72.7° 
73° 
70° 
73-3° 

75-2° 
72.4° 
69.2° 
68.7° 
70.2° 
71-5° 

66.4° 
62.4° 
61.3° 
60.5° 
69.2° 
63.9° 

72-7° 
68.5° 
65.6° 
67° 
68° 
67-4° 

1888 

1880 

l8QO 

1891    

1892 

Average,    1878-87  

64.6° 

7i° 

77-5° 

74-6° 

66.5° 

70.8° 

Rainfall,   inches. 

Aggregate 

1887 

3-84 
6.84 
5-52 
3.56 
.89 
7.86 

1.62 

5-75 
6.81 
3-8 
2.08 
5.36 

1.65 
5-34 
5-84 
2.83 
1.41 
2-5 

2.56 

3-14 
.6 

1-93 
2.86 

2-43 

3-68 

1-95 
2.74 
z.zg 

.41 
.93 

13.35 
23.02 

21.51 
13-31 
7.65 
19.08 

1888    

1889.. 

l89O 

1801 

1802 

Average,    1878-87  

4-45 

5-04 

2.75 

3-45 

3-27 

18.96 

Seventy-eight  samples  of  corn,  with  different  names,  were  tested 
on  contiguous  plats,  each  one-fortieth  of  an  acre  in  extent.  For  the 
first  time  in  five  years,  the  late  varieties  gave  the  largest  average 
yields,  nine  such  varieties  averaging  70  bu.  Sixty-seven  plats  of 
medium  maturing  varieties  averaged  68  bu. ;  sixteen  plats  of  early 
maturing  varieties  averaged  nearly  53  bu.  For  five  years  past,  each 
of  four  medium  maturing  varieties  has  given  yields  of  from  71  to 
76  bu.  per  acre.  The  best  early  maturing  variety  has  given  in  the 
same  time  average  yields  of  65  bu.  per  acre.  For  three  years  past 
the  best  yield  by  any  variety  was  83  bu.  per  acre,  by  Boone  county 
white.  The  largest  yield  in  1892  was  almost  exactly  100  bu.  per 
acre  of  air-dry  corn,  of  the  variety  known  as  Piasa  queen  —  a  variety 
maturing  too  late  for  central  Illinois.  The  trials  for  six  years  indicate 
that  the  larger  medium  maturing  varieties  give  the  best  results.  Among 
these  the  Boone  county  white,  champion  white  pearl,  and  Burr's  white 
represent  the  most  satisfactory  type  of  white,  while  the  Learning 
has  given  the  best  results  among  the  yellow  varieties.  The  Murdock 
has  given  the  best  yields  of  any  early  maturing  variety,  65  bu.  per 
acre,  for  five  years. 

Excellent  varieties  were  obtained  from  many  different  places. 
Extravagant  claims,  such  as  yields  of  100  bu.  per  acre  under  ordi- 
nary cultivation,  or  that  any  variety  worth  cultivating  matures  in  80 
or  90  days,  when  planted  at  the  usual  time,  are  not  to  be  accepted 


1893-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892.  1^5 

as  correct.  In  ordinary  circumstances,  100  days  from  date  of  plant- 
ing may  be  considered  as  a  minimum  for  field  corn  to  mature  fully; 
late  varieties  often  need  150  days  in  central  Illinois. 

Repeated  trials  have  uniformly  shown  that  larger  yields  of  both 
corn  and  stalks  are  obtained  by  planting  a  larger  number  of  kernels 
than  is  customary  in  the  best  practice  of  Illinois.  From  12,000  to 
13,000  kernels  planted  per  acre  seem  to  be  the  minimum  for  largest 
yields  at  the  Station  grounds.  This  is  equivalent  to  4  kernels  per 
hill,  in  rows  at  the  usual  distances  for  planting  in  Illinois.  In  most 
of  the  trials  the  rows  were  3  ft.  8  in.  apart  each  way.  Twenty- 
four  varieties  were  planted  in  as  many  plats;  half  of  each  having 
3  kernels,  and  half  4  kernels  in  each  hill.  In  21  of  the  24  cases, 
the  larger  yields  were  obtained  from  the  thicker  planting,  the  aver- 
age increase  for  the  24  plats  being  about  4.5  bu.  per  acre. 

Repeated  trials  have  shown  that,  if  other  conditions  are  the  same, 
there  is  no  perceptible  difference  in  average  yield,  whether  the  corn 
is  planted  in  hills  or  in  drills,  the  number  of  stalks  secured  influencing 
this  rather  than  their  mode  of  distribution.  In  many  cases  it  is  more 
difficult  to  keep  drilled  corn  free  from  weeds.  To  secure  the  largest 
yield  of  both  corn  and  stalks,  medium  maturing  varieties  may  be 
planted  at  the  rate  of  one  kernel  to  each  3  inches,  in  rows  3  ft.  8 
inches  apart.  Thick  planting  gives  smaller  ears,  which  increase  the 
labor  in  husking.  Where  the  corn  is  to  be  fed  without  husking, 
the  smaller  size  of  the  ears  may  be  an  advantage. 

As  in  each  of  several  previous  years,  trials  in  1892  show  that 
shallow  cultivation  is  better  than  deep,  and  that  more  frequent  culti- 
vation than  is  necessary  to  keep  the  soil  free  from  weeds,  and  the 
surface  fairly  loose,  is  not  profitable.  On  the  Station  grounds  weeds 
were  the  chief  enemy  to  the  corn  plant.  Fair  yields  of  corn  have 
been  secured  in  each  of  several  years  without  any  cultivation  after 
planting,  other  than  scraping  the  surface  with  a  sharp  hoe.  Root- 
pruning  has  uniformly  decreased  the  yield. 

In  1892  the  largest  yields  were  obtained  from  planting  April 
3oth,  the  soil  being  in  better  condition  than  at  the  later  plantings 
The  average  results  for  five  years  show  no  great  variation  in  the 
yield  of  medium  maturing  varieties,  planted  at  any  time  during  May. 
The  earlier  plantings  have  required  more  cultivation  than  the  later 
ones.  Within  reasonable  limits,  time  of  planting  seems  to  have  less 
influence  on  yield  than  the  condition  of  soil  at  time  of  planting. 

In  each  of  five  cases,  the  yield  from  plats  planted  with  cross- 
bred corn  was  larger  than  the  average  yield  of  the  plats  planted 
with  the  varieties  which  had  been  crossed;  the  average  increase  was 
over  9  bu.  per  acre.  In  four  out  of  five  cases  plats  planted  with 
mixtures  of  different  varieties  of  corn  gave  a  less  yield  than  the 
average  of  the  plats  planted  with  the  same  varieties  separately,  the 
average  decrease  being  3.7  bu.  per  acre. 


176  BULLETIN    NO.    25.  \_  April, 

A  medium  sized,  medium  maturing  variety,  planted  June  3d, 
reached  its  maximum  height  August  I9th,  77  days  from  planting.  The 
dry  matter  continued  to  increase  until  the  corn  was  fairly  mature, 
September  i6th.  It  had  but  little  more  than  one-half  the  total  quan- 
tity of  dry  matter  when  the  stalks  had  reached  their  greatest  height, 
and  not  more  than  one-third  when  tasseling  began.  In  the  week 
from  July  22d  to  29th,  there  was  a  growth  of  28  inches,  or  4  inches 
per  day. 

No  noticable  effect  on  yield  was  produced  by  removing  tassels 
from  alternate  rows. 

Trials  at  the  Station  show  that  the  corn  grown  last  year  on  the 
University  farms,  at  Champaign,  has  less  vitality  than  corn  kept  under 
like  conditions  any  year  for  the  last  ten.  Early  maturing  varieties 
show  nearly  perfect  vitality;  but  not  more  than  80  to  85  per  cent 
of  the  kernels  of  medium  maturing  varieties  germinated  under  con- 
ditions more  favorable  than  ordinarily  met  with  in  field  planting. 

Experiment  No.  I.      Corn,  Testing   Varieties. 

Tests  of  varieties  of  dent  corn  have  been  made  for  six  years,  reports 
of  which  will  be  found  in  bulletins  No.  4,  8,  13,  and  20. 

The  land  used  in  1892  had  been  in  wheat  in  1891  and  was  seeded 
with  clover.  Barnyard  manure  was  applied  at  the  rate  of  about  thirty 
loads  per  acre,  and  May  loth,  after  the  clover  had  made  considerable 
growth,  the  ground  was  plowed.  Heavy  rains  prevented  further 
preparation  and  planting  until  May  24th  and  25th.  The  corn  was 
dropped  by  hand  in  checks  3  ft.  8  in.  apart  and  covered  with  a  hoe. 

The  plats,  130  in  number,  were  each  one-fortieth  of  an  acre,  2  rods 
or  9  hills  square,  and  were  so  planted  that  corn  was  growing  on  every 
side.  There  were  two  plats  of  each  of  24  varieties,  one  plat  being 
planted  three  kernels  per  hill,  and  the  other  4  kernels  per  hill.  The 
remainder  of  the  plats  were  planted  4  kernels  per  hill.  June  loth  to 
28th  they  were  all  cultivated  three  times  with  a  surf  ace  cultivator  known 
as  "The  Superior."  July  1 3th  and  i4th  the  remaining  weeds  were 
removed  with  a  hoe.  Just  before  cultivating  the  first  time  the  number 
of  hills  and  plants  was  ascertained  for  each  plat.  Frequent  observations 
were  made  as  to  time  of  ripening.  The  number  of  barren  stalks  and 
average  height  to  tip  of  tassels  and  to  butt  of  ears  were  ascertained  for 
each  plat.  The  early  varieties  were  husked  Sept.  5th,  the  medium  ones 
at  several  subsequent  dates,  and  the  late  ones  Oct.  i  ith.  The  plats  were 
husked  by  thirds,  the  weight  and  number  of  ears  being  ascertained  for 
each  third.  The  middle  third  of  each  plat  was  at  once  shelled,  the 
number  and  weight  of  both  good  ears  and  nubbins  and  the  weight  of 
both  shelled  corn  and  cobs  being  ascertained.  A  pint  jar  of  the  shelled 
corn  from  each  plat  was  sent  to  the  laboratory  for  the  determination  of 
water.  Eleven  per  cent  is  taken  as  the  average  content  of  water  in  air- 
dried  corn. 


^93-] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892. 


I77 


DUPLICATE  PLATS. 

While  the  attempt  was  to  have  uniform  soil  and  like  treatment 
throughout,  the  differences  in  yield,  as  in  former  years,  of  plats  planted 
with  the  same  variety  is  considerable.  There  were  four  plats  of  each  of 
the  two  varieties,  Learning  and  Murdock.  The  greatest  difference  in 
yield  per  acre  between  any  two  plats  of  the  same  variety  was  Murdock 
1 1.9  bu.,  Learning  18.9  bu.;  the  average  difference,  Murdock  6.3  bu., 
Learning  n  bu.;  and  the  least  difference,  Murdock  .9  bu.,  Learning 
.6bu. 

These  differences,  though  considerable,  are  much  less  than  those 
found  between  different  varieties  of  even  the  same  class.  For  example, 
the  greatest  difference  between  two  plats  of  the  16  planted  with  early 
maturing  varieties  is  32  bu.  per  acre;  of  the  67  medium  maturing,  43.4 
bu.;  and  of  9  late  maturing  39.5  bu.  The  variety  giving  the  largest 
yield  produced  2.9  times  as  much  as  the  one  giving  the  least. 

When  the  variation  in  yield  of  different  varieties  does  not  exceed 
that  of  different  plats  of  the  same  variety  the  results  are  inconclusive.  A 
greater  variation  may  properly  be  attributed,  in  part  at  least,  to  the 
variety.  If  single  plats  are  used,  it  is  only  after  varieties  have  been 
tested  for  a  series  of  years  that  we  can  conclude  which  are  the  most 
prolific;  but  other  things  can  be  ascertained  in  a  single  year,  such  as 
time  of  maturity,  size,  ratio  of  ears  to  stalks,  ratio  of  shelled  corn  to 
cobs,  and  the  general  characteristics  of  stalk  and  ear.  If  several  plats, 
widely  distributed  over  the  tract,  are  used  for  each  variety  and  the  aver- 
age yields  ascertained,  these  form  a  better  basis  for  a  comparison  of  the 
varieties  in  respect  to  yield;  for  in  this  way  the  effect  of  differences  in 
the  condition  of  the  test  is  much  diminished. 

YIELD  PER  ACRE  OF  AIR-DRY  CORN  UPON   DUPLICATE  PLATS,   1892. 


Variety  . 

From    whom 
received  . 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

Average. 

Murdock 
Learning 

W.  T.  Lamb 
T.   Chester 

50.8 
60.5 

55 
61.7 

61.8 
78.8 

62.7 
79  4 

57-6 
70.1 

LEAMING  FROM  DIFFERENT  SOURCES. 

The  medium  maturing  yellow  variety,  well  known  as  Learning,  was 
received  from  seven  different  sources.  As  the  differences  in  yield,  from 
seed  from  different  sources,  though  considerable,  were  not  so  great  as 
between  different  plats  planted  with  seed  from  the  same  source,  it  can- 
not be  said  that  the  difference  was  due  to  the  seed  coming  from  different 
sources.  There  was,  however,  considerable  difference  in  the  shape  and 
roughness  of  the  ears  obtained  from  seed  from  different  sources,  showing 
the  effect  of  different  standards  of  selection. 


178 


BULLETIN  NO.  25. 
LEAMING,  FROM   DIFFERENT   SOURCES. 


[  April, 


d 

5 

Yield  p 

2r  acre. 

CD 

^  o>  ^  o 

Plat 
No 

Learning. 

•t  S, 

§  srS  S 

Oi 

cf  o  B'o 

No   of 

Bu. 

5. 

ears. 

air-dry 

GTQ 

g.o 

corn. 

* 

T    Chester    Champaign 

Sept    27 

IQ  ^ 

9c  go 

7O  I 

42 

E.    P.   Kellenberger,   Godfrey,    111  

"        21 

25-7 

11,200 

72.4 

43 

John  McCabe,   Hammond,  111  

"     29 

2O.  2 

9,l6o 

60.4 

Currie  Bros  ,   Milwaukee  '  

"        21 

16.5 

9  2OO 

62  7 

56 

J     H    Beagley    Sibley    111. 

"        21 

22   "i 

9  800 

S    S    Dunseth    Forrest    111 

'  '        21 

ICQ 

10  840 

n  \    T 

68 

University  farm     Champaign        

"        21 

16  4 

10  44.0 

73  6 

*Average  4  plats. 

THREE  KERNELS  COMPARED  WITH  FOUR  KERNELS  PER  HILL. 

In  only  three  out  of  twenty-four  comparisons,  with  as  many  differ- 
ent varieties,  between  planting  three  and  four  kernels  per  hill,  did  three 
kernels  give  the  larger  yield.  The  average  yield  was  4.4  bu.  per  acre 
in  favor  of  planting  four  kernels  per  hill. 

COMPARISON  BETWEEN  3  AND  4  KERNELS  PER  HILL,    1892. 


S 
sr 
.."- 

? 

Name  of  variety. 

3  kernels  per  hill. 

4  kernels  per  hill. 

Total 

No.  ears 
per 
acre. 

Wt. 

IOO 

ears 
Ibs. 

Y'ld 
per 
acre 
air 
dry 
corn 
bu. 

Total 
No.  ears 
per 
acre. 

Wt. 

IOO 

ears 
Ib. 

Y'ld 
per 
acre 
air 
dry 
corn 
bu. 

4-5 
9-10 
14-15 
19-20 

24-25 
29-30 

34-35 
39-40 
44-45 
49  50 
54-55 
59-6o 
64-65 
69-70 

74-75 
7980 

84-85 
89-90 

94-95 
99-100 
104-105 
109-110 
114-115 
119-120 

Learning         ..              

6760 
7760 
8160 
6840 
7960 
9040 
8200 
7800 
8040 
8480 
8400 
8200 
9320 
8120 
8680 
8120 
8480 
7680 
8200 
8400 
8800 
7760 
8720 
596o 

58 
66 

68 

94 
46 

4° 
65 
61 
60 
57 
43 
61 

54 
69 
63 
67 

58 
7i 
48 
5i 
68 

58 
39 
70 

54-3 
63-9 
72.9 
62.2 
49.1 
52.1 
68 
66.7 
65.8 
70.2 
5i.4 
70.3 
70.9 
74-6 
76.4 
59-2 
59-5 
67.3 
51-6 
55-4 
7i.8 
56.7 
48.7 
Si-  3 

8440 
9160 
13360 
7960 

IOI2O 
10520 
II520 
9640 
9480 
10200 
10840 
I03DO 
10960 
10840 
II360 
9600 
10440 
10320 
7I2O 
10560 
II32O 
9040 
10280 
7840 

52 
57 
59 
84 
41 
38 
52 
52 
55 
50 
38 
54 
52 
70 
5i 
61 

44 
53 
38 
46 
55 
50 
36 
75 
52 

60.5 

63.4 
80.9 
60.3 
55 
57.8 
70.6 
61.2 
70.2 
72.9 
58.5 
75-9 
77-4 
78.8 

77-5 
75-1 
63.7 
68.9 

34-4 
64.4 
85.2 

58.4 
54-2 
71.1 
66.5 

Ivory  dent  

White   surprise  

Baker's  white 

Bickerdike's  early  mammoth 

Eclipse                     

Sterling               

Pride  of  Columbia 

California  yellow   ...                   . 

Clark's  Onarga       

Learning              

Branson's  climax 

Gibbs'  yellow  

Claraefe 

Blue  River           

Early  Wisconsin   

Dunlap's  white  

Edmonds                      

Pride  of   the  north  

Cloud's  early  

Average     ...    .          

8078 

59 

62.  1 

10053   | 

1893-] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1892. 


179 


MIXTURES. 

Four  plats  were  planted  each  with  equal  parts  of  two  varieties 
of  corn,  and  one  with  equal  parts  of  four  varieties.  The  accompany- 
ing table  gives  the  number  of  .ears  and  bushels  per  acre  for  each 
variety  planted  separately,  and  their  average  as  compared  with  the 
result  of  their  mixture.  In  four  out  of  five  cases  the  mixtures  gave 
smaller  yields  than  the  average  of  the  varieties  composing  them. 
This  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  there  were  fewer  ears  from  the 
mixtures. 

RESULTS  OF  MIXTURES,  1892. 


Yield 
acre 

per 

Plat 
No. 

Name  of  variety  . 

No.  of 
ears. 

Bu.   air- 
dry 
corn. 

QI 

Champion  white  pearl     

10080 

60  6 

IOS 

Dunlap's  white  

11320 

8<;  2 

Average       .                        . 

TO7OO 

72    Q 

121 

Mixture  (a)  

9920 

70.3 

Murdock  (av.  4  plats)  (Lamb) 

IO5OO 

c7    6 

I  IO 

Kdmonds     .  .        .        .... 

QO4O 

s8  4 

Average 

Q77O 

eg 

122 

Mixture  (b) 

0680 

CQ      I 

Learning  (av.  4  plats)  (Chester)  .  

0560 

7O    I 

65 

Clark's  Onarga  

10960 

70.9 

Average  

10260 

70  t; 

126 

Mixture  (c)  

9560 

67.2 

CQ 

Clark's  Iroquois     

IO2OO 

72    Q 

AQ 

Learning  (McCabe)   

0160 

s8  6 

60 

California  yellow 

10360 

i-JS.     Q 

AS 

Sterling 

0480 

7O    2 

Average  

9800 

60.4 

127 

Mixture  (d) 

Q24O 

62    I 

27 

Boone  county  white   

IOO4O 

8s.  5 

J3 

Piasa  king  

10240 

79-7 

Average      .        

IOI4O 

82.6 

128 

Mixture  (e)  

9800 

76.1 

RESULTS    FROM    CROSS-BRED    CORN. 

Five  plats  were  planted  each  from  a  different  cross-bred  ear. 
The  accompanying  table  gives  the  date  of  ripening,  number  of  ears, 
and  bushels  per  acre  for  each  parent,  and  their  average,  as  compared 
with  that  of  the  cross.  The  first-named  variety  is  in  each  case  the 
female  parent.  In  every  instance  the  yield  from  the  cross  is  greater 
than  the  average  from  the  parent  varieties;  the  average  increase  per 
acre  from  the  five  crosses  being  9.5  bu.  The  fact  that  increased 
yields  can  be  obtained  by  crossing  two  varieties  is  pretty  certainly 
established,  and  a  few  farmers  are  changing  their  practice  accord- 
ingly. This  is  quite  easily  done,  by  planting  in  one  row  one  variety, 
and  in  the  next  another  variety,  and  removing  the  tassels  of  the  one 
as  soon  as  they  appear.  The  ears  forming  on  the  rows  having  the 


i  So 


BULLETIN    NO.    25, 


[April, 


tassels  removed,  will  be  fertilized  with  pollen  from  the  other  rows, 
thus  producing  a  direct  cross  between  the  two  varieties.  The  seed 
should  be  selected  from  the  rows  having  the  tassels  removed,  and 
the  experiments  indicate  that  it  will  pretty  certainly  give  a  larger 
yield  than  the  average  of  the  parent  varieties,  when  planted  under 
like  conditions. 

RESULTS  FROM  CROSS-BRED  CORN. 


Plat. 

Variety. 

Date  of 
ripening. 

Yield  per  acre. 

No.  of 
ears. 

Bu.  air 

dry  corn. 

22 

82 

117 

Burr's  white     

Sept.  29 
"       29 
"       29 
"       29 

9960 
9200 

64.2 
61.6 

Cranberry  

Average  .        

9580 
7080 

62.9 
64.! 

Cross  

22 

18 
118 

Burr's  white.      ... 

Sept.  29 
Oct.  ii 

9960 
10880 

64.2 
79.2 

Helms  improved  

Average  .... 

Oct.  5 
Sept.  29 

10420 

1  1  000 

71.7 
73-1 

Cross  

68 

8 

123 

Learning       

Sept.  21 
"       29 

10440 

8280 

73-6 
65.1 

Golden  beauty  .    . 

Average             .  .                   .                 .    . 

25 
29 

9360 
11520 

69.3 
86.2 

60.6 
73-6 

Cross  

9i 
68 

124 

Champion  white  pearl 

29 

21 

11080 

10440 

Learning                                    ... 

Average 

25 
21 

10760 

8760 

67.1 
76.2 

Cross  

22 

110 

I2«? 

29 
21 

9960 
9040 

64.2 
58.4 

Edmonds 

25 

21 

9500 

I04OO 

61.3 

78.  s 

Cross  .  . 

CLASSIFICATION   OF   VARIETIES. 

The  table  on  page  182  gives  a  classification  of  the  varieties  tested 
this  year,  and  the  yield  of  air-dry  corn  by  each  variety.  It  is  based 
upon  the  time  of  ripening,  color,  and  smoothness  or  roughness  of 
the  outer  end  of  the  kernels.  Varieties  maturing  before  Sept.  i6th 
are  classed  as  early;  those  maturing  Sept.  i6th  to  Sept.  3oth,  as 
medium;  and  those  maturing  after  Oct.  ist,  as  late.  The  varieties 
that  are  very  near  the  dividing  lines  as  to  time  of  maturity,  and 
smoothness  or  roughness,  are  subject  from  year  to  year  to  change 
from  one  class  to  another,  hence  we  see  that  the  classification  for 
1892  differs  slightly  from  that  of  1891. 


i893.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892. 


iSl 


9  late. 


M    N    O"N         PO 


M  VO    fx 

o  o  o 

m  Tt-  ON 


ON 

00 


OOfOrJ-vOOi 


67  medium. 


ON  t^  N    ONOO    •<!-        00          VO  POOO    POOO  VO    m  PO        CO 

oo  oo  co  m  t^.  mvo   m  m      vo 


Tf       vo 

£ 


OO         00  u"> 


OOMO 


16  early,    j      %  ££  °°  °° 


vO         PONMNrotr>i-i 


6  late. 


rooot^oo 


19  medium. 


vO  VO  CO 

•oo'  M  co' 


-<*•  C^. 

PO  O\ 


13  early. 


M    rJ-cO 

•   t^vO    O  VO 
•OOOOIH 


VO"">NPO 


^ 
vo 
TJ- 

IT) 


vO 
vo 


HITJVOVO 


8,       8  late. 


O\oo  t^  M   M 


\or«.o  -^- 
o   mvo   ro 

CO     ^J- 


M\or«. 
m 

VO 

•*•  POCO 


29  medium. 


vo 


PONONMMMO 
O»  •*•  -^-vo    POtn 
N    t^  O 
m  PO  o\ 


ni        VOVO 


14  early. 


vo>-<O>OoOPO      oo       vo 
Ooo  t^M 


vo 
vo 


22  late. 


m  Tt-  o^oo 

O  00  CO 
VO    PO  CTi 


N       O 
t^       ^ 


POOO       oo 


42  medium. 


M        -!*-o» 
oo        vo 


PommONOiH 

O  PO  PO  t^  Tj-VO 

vo  m  N 
vo  PO  O 


3  early. 


O^oo 


vo  co  m       POVO 


o>  t^oo 


t>.       VO         PO 


OvOOO 


vo          O>OPO        CN»OPO       vO 
vo        t^  -3-  M        mm  w 


15  late. 


-PO  m 

VO^ 

N  r*. 

VO    N 


POMO        M 


I^MO        f  POOO 

CO  CO  "  N  OOOHH 


J5  32  medium. 

"E, 


CO    Tf  N 
•<f  t^  N 

r^  M  o 


CO    -^-00  N    O>  N  M 

t^OO    M  O  00    M  N 


27  early. 


co  m       PO       PO       r>.  N 

vo  ^oo  co  ON  •*•   oo   vo   PO  t^oo  m  o  m  PO   t^. 
ONOO  CO  ON  •*•  -^-vo  PO  m   vo 

m  ON  >O 

f^  N  O 


o^    s-       oo 

i  is  li 


^ 

- 


182 


BULLETIN    NO.    25. 

SYNOPSIS   OF  VARIETIES,    1802. 


Smooth.. 


Minnesota  king 

Murdock  . . 


[April, 


Yield.    Av. 


. 
'•4  I 


f  Early 


(Yellow  . 

I 

I 
I 

I  Mixed  . . 

i 

I 

L  White. . . 


f  Murdock 58.5  ") 

i    Pride  of  Columbia 57.6   I 

I    Thomas 63.1    | 

1.  Rough -{    Haber's  early 47.9   ^54. 

Early  Butler 45.2 

I   Pride  of  the  north 54.2   | 

i.  [Yellow variety,  no  name.]...  47.1  J 

.  ..-(Smooth  ..-j    Pusey's  cross-bred 37.3 

...  -{  Smooth  .. 

f  Smooth .. 


f  Yellow 


Corn.. 


I 
•\  Medium 


L  Rough.., 


Mixed {  Rough... 


[White  variety,  no  name.]  .  .  . 
Callaway's  white 

49.6 

U8-9 

Early  Wisconsin    
f  Learning 

71  8 

Golden  beauty  
Pride  of  Kansas  . 

65.1 
63  4 

\    Bickerdike's  early  mammoth 
1    [Yellow  variety,  no  name]  .  .  . 

1  Woodhull  V.' 

70.6 

77-8 
65.6 
67.2 

68.8 

f  [Yellow  variety,  no  name]... 
Learning  

73-1  1 
66.7 

Farmer's  interest  
Fisk's  yellow 

65-8 
60  i 

Baker's  yellow  
Giant  beauty  

63.9 
53  6 

Golden  beauty  

61    • 

B.  O.  E.  ensilage  
Eclipse.. 

67.8 
61  2 

Early  mastodon  
Sterling  

49.6 

7O   2 

[Yellow  variety,  no  name.].. 
Clark's  Iroquois.  
Log  cabin 

65.3 
72.9 

71  8 

Chester  county  mammoth.  .  . 
California  yellow  
Hughes 

68.6 
75-9 
79  9 

-67.9 

Clark's  Onarga  
g  fellow  variety,  no  name.]  .  .  . 
teward's  improved  
Second  premium  

77-4 
81.7 
74-4 
83.8 
59  7 

Branson's  climax  
Legal  tender 

77-5 
60.3 

[Yellow  variety,  no  name.]... 
Riley's  favorite  
[Yellow  variety,  no  name.]... 
Clarage  

77-2 
74.1 
75-1 
63.7 

Queen  of  the  field  

42.1 

58  4 

Munns  
go-day 

74-4 
62.3 

71  i 

f  Leeper 

57-  1 

1 

Calico  
Cranberry  

48.1 
61.6 

1-58.9 

Blue  River.... 

68.9 

I 

f  Smooth. 


White.... 


L  Rough....  -j 


Hess  white 74-4  1 

[White  variety,  no  name.] 76.8   ! 

Kansas  branching 74       \ 

Clarke  county  champion 64.4] 

f  Clark's  no-day 60.9  1 

i    Burr's  white 64.2 

I    Boone  county  white 85.5   | 

I   Champion  white  pearl 62.8   | 

Irony  dent 80.9 


[White  variety,  no  name.] 81. 

White  prolific 64. 

Ohio  white  dent 

Early  white  dawn 

Beard's  pearl 54.9 

Dunlap's  white 85.2] 


7 
9 
65.2 

64. 


1893-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1892.  183 

SYNOPSIS   OF   VARIETIES,    1892  —  Continued. 

Yield.     Av. 

{Smooth...  \    Farmers' favorite  golden 69.7 
Rough j  Farmers'  favorite 65 . 3  \  R 

"|  Piasa  queen 99-8  f^ 

I  Late \  Mixed -J  Rough \  Ensilage  corn 60.4 

|(  Helms  improved 79.2  J 
[Smooth  ...\  White  surprise 60.3  ^62.4 

[White !  |  Hickory  king 47.9) 

(.Rough f  Piasa  king 79.7  ? 

"(  Fisk's  white 69.2  f47"*- 

RESULTS. 

The  number  of  plats  in  each  of  the  three  classes  —  early,  medium, 
and  late — and  the  results  for  each  class  for  each  of  five  years,  are 
shown  in  the  table  on  page  181.  In  each  of  the  five  years  there 
has  been  an  average  of  from  four-fifths  to  seven-eighths  of  a  full 
stand,  /.  £.,  four  stalks  in  each  hill.  In  two  years,  1888  and  1889, 
there  were  more  stalks  when  the  corn  was  ripe  than  when  well  up 
in  the  spring,  showing  that  some  stooling  must  have  taken  place. 
From  the  very  low  per  cent  of  barren  stalks  in  1889  (1.5),  we  must 
conclude  that  most  of  the  stalks  produced  by  stooling  must  have 
borne  ears.  For  1888,  1890,  1891,  and  1892,  the  per  cent  of  barren 
stalks  is  comparatively  uniform,  averaging  about  eleven,  and  in  each 
of  these  years  it  increases  with  the  lateness  of  maturity. 

Though  varying  much  from  year  to  year,  owing  to  the  nature 
of  the  season,  in  general  the  height  of  both  stalks  and  ears  increased 
with  lateness  of  maturity,  as  do  also  the  length  and  circumference 
of  ears. 

In  general  the  weight  of  100  ears  has  increased,  and  the  number 
of  ears  per  acre  decreased  with  the  lateness  of  maturing.  The  pounds 
of  ear  corn,  as  weighed  when  husked,  which  must  be  taken  to  make  a 
bushel  of  air-dry  shelled  corn,  invariably  increases  with  the  lateness  of 
maturity.  This  is  due  largely  to  the  fact  that  the  per  cent  of  water  is 
greater  in  the  late  maturing  varieties  when  husked.  In  two  years  of  the 
five  the  pounds  of  ear  corn  as  shelled  required  to  make  a  bushel  of  air- 
dry  shelled  corn  was  less  in  the  late  maturing  varieties  than  in  the 
medium. 

Each  year,  excepting  1892,  the  medium  maturing  varieties  have  made 
the  largest  yield ;  the  average  yield  of  air-dry  shelled  corn  for  the  five 
years  being  72.3  bu.  per  acre,  which  is  13.2  bu.  more  than  the  average 
of  the  early  maturing,  and  4.1  bu.  more  than  that  of  the  late  maturing 
varieties. 

Boone  county  white,  a  medium  maturing  variety,  seed  obtained 
from  James  Riley,  Thorntown,  Ind.,  has  been  tested  for  the  past  three 
years,  giving  an  average  yield  of  83.1  bu.  per  acre.  This  is  eleven  bu. 
more  than  the  average  of  any  other  variety  tested  during  the  same  three 
years.  In  1892,  the  largest  yield,  99.8  bu.  per  acre,  was  made  by  Piasa 


184 


BULLETIN    NO.    25. 


[April, 


Circumfer- 
ence cob,  in. 


O>  CO  N    N    N    N    N 


Circumfer-    I  'T00. 


o  £ 


a     ence  ear,    n. 


ON  c-^o  r^  ON  t^  moo 
t^O  o  O  vn  vno  O 


>       j  Length,  in.       ^OQ'  ^^  &  ^  &  ^  ^^  ^  ^^  ^  t^t^6\6^a\  &ao  oo'  oo" 


O    C\00    M 
1^  t^CO  CO 


Ears. 


moo   <<r  M 
m  m  mo 


Stalks. 


t^^j-        ro^O^Ot^^iooOMN 
^  O    ON  C^OO    t^  ON  ONOO  00    O^  O    O 


M         m  t>.  M    rt  o\  «noo   m 

MOO    ONOO  OO    ON  t^  t^  O 


Date  of  ripening. 


NCVCtMMM 


en O""c/5""O""" 


M      N      N  M 

co  "  O  co  " 


Percentage  of  bar- 
ren stalks. 


00  O    moO  CO    O 


Q\fON    >OO 


COCO    ^  M  VO    w    l^  M    N 


Percentage  of  full  I  £  ^g  £»  ^^  ^  g^ 
stand  of  stalks. 


Percentage  germ  in-  I   SN  S  o  S  ONO  o 
ating  in  field. 


Percentage  g'm'g  in 
Geneva  apparatus. 


COOO 
ONONO 


OCOOON 


.-o.S^ 

ftiOJCJ 


CUO 


. 
coiZICQCi, 


UH 


a  » 


Plat. 


M    M    fO-<1-inO    t^OO     C\O     M    N     rOTflOO    t^-00     OO     M     01    POrJ-inO 


1893.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892.  185 

M    M     Tj-N     T(-l>»Tj-rOf">l-~-^-ONONlO  t^-00  00  OO    M  OO    t>.  t^.  C*»          MrJ-MMNCCN^t^MNVOt^  U"I\O 


rj-  PO  f">  ^  ro  PO  •*• 


oooo  moo 


"">  mvO  vO  O 


"~>VO  vO  O  VD 


vo  O   t^O  OvOvOvOOOvOvOvQ   t^  t^VD  O   t^vD  VO  vt)  v£>  VO 


t^vD  00    ro  -<i-  ON 


oo  oo  oo  o  t^  t^cc  oo  t>.oo  r^oo  oo  ON  t^oo  oo  oo 


o  oo  oo  oo  oo  t^oo  oo  oo  oo 


O  t^  t^   t^  ^j-  m  t>» 


Tf  Tj-  ro  ro  ^t-  ••*• 


Q»00    ON  C^OO    1^00    OOO  CO  00    t^  O  OO    t^OO    O\  C* 


00  00  00    M  00    t^  O\  O\OO    t-^00    O  00  OO  00  OO    OM30    O 


ON  N    'S-VO  00  00  00    0    POVO    t^OO  OO  CO      j   O  00 

ON  M  00    ONOO    N 
MM                               M 

O  m  •*•  ON  N 

M             M             M 

oo  N  mw  OI«OI>ONOO  M 

00 

ONMir»MCs»t^'^-Ot^OvN>-'Tj- 
t^.  ONOO  00    ONOO    Ov  O    OiOO    ON  ONOO 

m    •  o  o  O   •«•  m  Tj-co  vo 
m     •   O*  ON  ONOO    Ov  ONOO  00 

M    M    04  OO    N    N    O    U"NCO    M    t«x  ON  ONVO    •*•  t^ 
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O>  O>  ON  ONOO  CO 

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OO    Tf  rf 
ON  ON  ON. 

O  00    Tj-OO  CO    O  00    O  OO  OO 
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t***  O    O    ON  ON  O    O    ON  O    O 

MM                      MM              MM 

CO  VO  VO      •      • 
ON  ONOO      •      - 

•  CG    O    it-  Tj-00  VO  VD  VO  VO  OO 
•   0.  ON  ON  ONOO  00   ON  ON  ON  O> 

Milwaukee  
Payson,  111  

:  ;(w  i  :>  i  :  i  : 

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^  r<"'5  '>        "So  rt"  _-  JT» 

QErtw.    co5£ 
JH  o  J3  go.  ^  rt  g£  - 
2  —  "  .SP     »-  r;  s^'O  - 
^fljjw       s«!rto 

<:u^O      CQffidiO 

Milwaukee  
Godfrey,  111  
Hammond,  111.  .  . 
Dana,  111  

*    C  M      •  ^  -  ' 

•     O           ^2    HH    " 

.S  T:  .--  rt~ 

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Ashland,  111  
Milwaukee  
Mechanicsville,  I 
Sibley,  111  

Knoxville,  111... 
Chicago  

6  :  :  :  : 

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a.               ! 

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nA^c/5  JS,     O  W  O  Sd 

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.  .  E.  P.  Kellenbe 
.  .  John  McCabe. 
..  J.  T.  Groves.. 

•  •  a  is  •  : 

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Champion  white  pear 
Baker's  white_  

c  H        g          

g  §        ^      ~     :     :     :     : 

60   . 

.      .    0 

[Yellow  variety,  no  r 
Improved  Learning. 
Woodhull  
Pride  of  Columbia.  . 

60        E      '      ' 

^  .5  §  .2 

w    60  V  ^3 
3    O  ^3    rt 
CQJ  CJU 

Hughes  
Thomas  
Improved  Learning.  . 
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•^.°,.Ha>:    c^'^o, 

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Early  mastodon. 
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Improved  Leami) 
Sterling  

en 

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M  M  m  TJ-  invo 
O  VO  O  vo  vo  vo 

1 86 


BULLETIN    NO.    25. 


[April, 


o    a 
0    V 

>  E 


Circumfer- 
ence cob,  in. 


c*^  10       t^  oo  *-*        j-^  M  co  vo   ^" 
•^•PON    •^POro-'i-^Tj-Tj-rororrj 


Circumfer- 
ence ear,  in. 


Tt-oo  oivo  t-~. 

vo  vo  vo  vO  vo 


r^  T  N  N   M   -3-  o  f»  PC 


Length,  in.       c»  oo  oo  oo  t^oo  oo  oo  t^-oo  oo  o>oo  oo  t>.  t^.  t-.oo 


OCO  00  00  00  CO    O 


Ears. 


-j-  TJ-  M  t-^  m  moo   M 


-«t-  M   rovo  oorj- 


Stalks. 


oo  oi^oo  ooooo  a»oo 


ooocooo  c^oooooo  o\a*ox 


Date  of  Ripening. 


N 


OcS 


Percentage  of  bar- 
ren stalks. 


Percentage  of  full 
stand  of  stalks. 


Percentage  germin- 
ating in  field. 


Percentage  g'm'g  in 
Geneva  apparatus. 


M    M    O 

o  av  o 


C4ONN 


-OCOOOfNO       -NNCCONOOO       -VO 

-oa>  CTICO  o    •  o\  ON  cnoo  a>  o  o  o    -0 


:.2—   : 
',c  l~~l   " 


-a      g 

- 


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FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892. 


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1 88 


BULLETIN    NO.    25. 


[April, 


VARIETY  TESTS,  YIELD,   1892. 


2 

£T 

Name  of  variety. 

Per  cent  water  in 
shelled  corn 
when  husked. 

Lb.  ear  corn  per 
acre  when  husked. 

Lb.  ear  corn  per 
bu.  when  shelled. 

Lb.  when  husked  to 
makebu.  air-dry. 

Bu.  shelled  corn 
per  acre 

g. 

£L 
ft 

g. 

£. 

1 

o 
£" 

EL 

*i* 

a, 

C3 

| 

5' 
a 
sij 

B' 

TO 

i 

2 

3 

4 

i 

7 
8 
9 
10 
ii 

12 
13 
14 

11 
11 

19 
2O 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 

V27 

28 
29 
30 
3i 
32 
33 
34 

11 

37 
38 
39 
40 
4i 
42 
43 
44 

a 

47 
48 
49 
50 
5i 
52 
53' 
54 

II 

57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 

67 
68 
69 
70 
7i 
72 
73 

22.2 

32.9 

20.6 

17.5 
19.5 

22.5 

21.6 

25.2 
22.5 
24.5 
30.1 
27-5 
24.6 

20.2 
19.9 
26.6 

34-4 
36.6 
23.2 
21.3 
24.1 
19-3 
18.9 
18.6 

*7.7 

16.5 
i7-9 
18.7 

23-7 
23 
16.6 
19.8 
23-7 

3.4 

19.6 
23.1 
25 
23-8 
25-7 

20.  2 
I7.6 
17-3 
19.9 
19-6 
18.7 
15-6 
15-8 
22.7 
l6.5 
I7.I 
I9.I 
I8.7 
22.5 
17-8 

18.2 
16.8 
18.4 
22.3 
21.3 
15-9 
18.1 

20 
23-1 
I9.I 
I6.4 
18.4 
19 
22.8 
I7.6 
21.9 

4012 
5750 
5720 
3973 
4440 
4280 
4740 
538o 
5*30 
524° 
5860 
8490 
6540 
5530 
6070 
538o 
6640 
6860 
6460 
6700 
4790 
4900 
5690 
3690 
4144 
45io 
6310 
4710 
3640 
4040 
6760 
3920 
4710 
53io 
6040 
5320 
4380 
4610 
4720 
49/0 
4160 
5940 
4668 
4860 
5200 
4400 
4830 
5940 
4820 
5070 
5060 
4560 
5770 
3660 
4150 
5110 
5390 
5020 
4970 
5540 
6530 
4940 
5160 
5010 
5680 
4800 
6240 
5350 
5610 
5990 
5810 
5850 
4750 

69.1 
71.8 
69.8 
67.8 
66.3 
69-5 
68.4 
69-5 
69-9 
70.1 

70-5 
69-3 
69-5 
67-9 
67-5 
72.6 
75-5 
69-7 
76.5 
79.1 
67.8 
67-5 

&. 

68.6 
67-7 
68.2 
67.8 
64-4 
64.1 
70.9 
68.2 
68 
70-3 
73-3 
66.3 
66.8 
65-1 
68.5 
68.4 
71-7 
68.5 

68^8 

69-4 
66.6 

69.7 
65-1 
65.8 
67 
68.2 
67.6 
64.6 
64.8 
70.2 
69-3 
67-3 
66.1 
66.9 
7i-3 
69.2 
65-8 

11 
67 
69.4 
68.2 
68.9 
69.1 
67.7 
64.6 
69.8 

79 
95-2 
78.2 
73-2 
73-4 
79-8 

ll:l 

80.3 
82.6 
89.7 
85.1 
82.1 
75-8 
75 
79-4 

103.8 
in.  i 
78.6 
76.3 
82.2 
75-2 
75-4 

Hi 
g:i 

69.9 

82.7 
79 
72-5 
78.1 
85.5 
80.8 
72-9 
72.1 
79-3 
81 
83-9 
82 
77-3 
73-8 
74.1 
77.1 
73-9 
76.3 
68.6 
69-5 
77.1 
72.7 
76.9 
71.2 
70.9 
80.6 
75-i 
73-2 
70.8 
72.9 
81.7 
78.3 
69.6 
70.7 
73-4 
77-7 
76.4 
72.7 
75-2 
76 
78.1 
69.8 
79-6 

58.1 
80.  i 
81.9 
58.6 
66.9 
61.6 
69-3 
77-4 
73-4 
74-7 
83.1 
122.5 
94-1 
81.4 
89.9 
74-7 
87.9 
98.4 
84.4 
84.7 
70.6 
72.6 
81.2 
54-2 
60.4 
67-5 
92-5 
69.3 
56-5 
63 
95-3 
57-4 
69-3 
75-5 
82.4 
80.2 
65.6 
70.8 
68.9 
72.6 
58 
86.7 
67.4 
71.1 
75-6 
63-4 
72-3 
85.2 
74 
77-1 
75-5 
66.8 
72.2 
56.6 
64 
72.8 
77-8 
74-6 

g;5 

91.6 
71.3 
78.4 
77.1 

86.1 
71.6 
»9-9 
78.4 
81.4 
86.6 
85.8 
90.5 
68.1 

50.8 
60,4 
73-1 
54-3 
60.5 
53-7 
61 
65-1 
63.9 
63.4 
65.3 
99-8 
79-7 
72.9 
80.9 
67.8 
69.7 
79-2 
62.2 
60.3 
60.9 
64.2 
69.2 
49-1 

ii7 
85.5 
65 

52-1 

57-8 
81.7 
49-6 
64.9 
68 
70.6 
65-8 
60.  i 
63-9 
59-5 
61.2 
49-6 
72.4 
60.4 
.65.8 
70.2 

III 

77-8 
70.2 
72.9 
65.6 
62.7 
67.2 
51-4 
58-5 
63-4 
71.8 
68.6 
70.3 
75-9 
79-9 
63-1 
74-1 
70.9 
77-4 
61.8 
81.7 
73-6 
74-6 
78.8 
74-4 
83.8 
59-7 

7-3 
19.7 
8.8 
4-3 
6-4 
8 
8-3 
12.3 
9-5 
n-3 
17.8 
22.7 
14.4 
8-5 
9 
6-3 
18.2 
19.2 
22.2 
24.4 
9-7 
8.4 

12 

5-i 

ii 

7 
4-3 
4-4 

£ 

7.8 
4-4 

,1:3 

14.4 
5-5 
6-9 
9-4 
11.4 
8.4 
4-3 
7 
5-3 

1:1 

7 

Ii 

4-2 
9-9 
4-i 
5 

5-2 

5-5 
9-4 
6 
6 
4-9 
6-9 
11.7 
8.2 
4-3 

6.2 

8.7 
9-8 

8.2 

4.8 
6.8 
7-8 
11.4 
6-7 
8.4 

Ensilage  corn          

[Yellow  variety,  no  name]  

Golden  beauty            

Pride  of  Kansas 

Farmers'  favorite     

Piasa  king..                  

B.  O.  E   ensilage  

Farmers'  favorite  golden           

Helms  improved  

White  surprise  

Burr's  white  

Murdock  

Boone  county  white  

[White  variety  no  name] 

White  prolific.                    ... 

Farmers'  interest 

Baker's  yellow  

Eclipse 

Early  mastodon  

Improved  Learning  

Sterling     

Leeper  

[Yellow  variety,  no  name]     .... 

Clark's  Iroquois  

[Yellow  variety,  no  name]  

Improved  Learning  

Woodhull 

Pride  of  Columbia 

Burr  Oaks  Learning 

Log  cabin 

Chester  county  mammoth  

California  yellow  .  .  . 

Hughes 

Thomas  

Improved  Learning 

Clark's  Onarga  

Murdock  

[Yellow  variety,  no  name]   

Learning  

ii 

Steward's  improved  
Second  premium  
Geo.  Prentice  corn  

i893.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892. 


189 


VARIETY  TESTS,  YIELD,  1892 — Continued. 


3 
sr 

Name  of  variety. 

Per  cent  water  in 
shelled  corn 
when  husked. 

Lb.  ear  corn  per 
acre  when  h 

Lb.  ear  corn  per 
bu.  when  si 

r 
p" 

ll 

re  5* 

H 

"    re 

Bu.  shelled  corn 
per  acre 

9 

& 

» 

V) 

* 

& 

(0 
ff 

d 

| 

5* 

a 

5 

IN 

w 
7T 

re 
CL 

* 
re" 
CL 

7  o 

a 

3 

I 

74 

3 

77 
78 
79 
80 
Bi 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
9i 

92 

93 
94 

$ 

97 
98 
99 

100 
101 

1  02 
103 
104 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
no 
in 

112 
H3 
II4 

"5 
116 
ir7 
118 
119 

120 
121    1 
122 

123 

124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 

130 

17-5 

20.8 
21.8 

18 
17-5 

21.2 
22.5 
19.6 
26.7 

30.1 
18.7 
18.5 
24-9 
21.4 
19.2 
19.8 
19.8 
19.4 

20.2 
22 
19.6 
22.2 
21.8 

21.9 

17.2 
20.9 
20.3 

25.7 

22.2 

20.2 
25.9 
22.8 
22.2 
20.1 
21 
23-7 
23-4 
22.9 
19.2 
19.1 
17.8 
16.9 
24-1 
24-3 
26.2 
24 
24.9 
22.4 
I7.I 
21.9 
17.6 
20.3 
21-5 

23.8 
24.4 
15 
14 

5490 
5820 
4630 
5760 
5340 
4470 
5870 
3690 
5020 
3920 
4350 
4640 
4700 
5110 
556o 
5470 
5480 
4570 
5750 
6060 
396o 
2740 
2920 
5°7° 
4020 
4250 
4860 
3880 
3050 
5050 
6020 
"6600 
3390 
6150 
4770 
4470 
4530 
3590 
5650 
4640 
3440 
3720 
3740 
5060 
6260 
4190 
5890 
5500 
4200 
6660 
5770 
5990 
4900 
4900 
7070 

IIOO 

670 

66.6 
66.8 
67.5 
68.7 
66.8 
68.1 
68.1 
69.2 
67.1 
64.1 
66.7 
66.6 
73-4 
69.2 
67.8 
73-2 
71.6 
68.3 
67.1 
71.8 
69.2 
69-5 

S3 

68.1 
68.4 
67.6 
67.6 
71-3 
68.2 
68.6 
67.1 
70.3 
69.5 
67.4 
67.6 
66.7 
68.7 
68.9 
67.6 

65.1 
64.1 
67.8 
67.1 
7i 
69.7 
69.9 
68.2 
66.1 
67.7 
70.1 
68.3 
64-3 
67-5 
78-9 
68.9 
68.4 

71.9 

75-i 
76.8 
74.6 
72.i 
75-5 
78.2 
76.7 
81.5 
81.8 
73-i 
72.8 
87 
78.4 
74-7 
81.3 
79-5 
75-4 
74-8 
81.9 
76.7 
79.6 
81.3 
78.2 
73-2 
76.7 
75-5 
81 
81.8 
76.1 
83.8 
77-4 
80.5 
77-5 
76.1 
78.9 
77-6 
79-4 
75-9 
74-5 
70.6 
68.6 
79-4 
78.9 
85.6 
81.7 
82.8 
78.2 
71.1 
77-3 

M 

72.9 
78.9 
92.9 
78 
71.2     ' 

82.4 
87.1 

68.6 
83.8 
79-9 
65.6 
86.2 
53-3 
74-8 
61.1 
65.2 
69.6 
64 
73-8 
82 

%.l 

66.9 
85.7 
84.4 
57-2 
39-4 
40.8 
73-9 
59 
62.3 
71.9 
57-4 
42-7 
74-1 
87.6 
98.3 
48.2 
88.5 
70.7 
66.1 
67.9 
52.2 
82 
68.6 
52-8 
58 
55-2 
75-4 
88.2 
60.  i 
84-3 
80.6 
63-5 
98-3 
82.3 
87.7 
76.2 
72.6 
89.6 
15-9 
9-8 

76.4 
77-5 
60.3 
77-2 
74-i 
59-2 

61.6 
47-9 

54 
65.2 
74-4 
67.3 
68.9 
60.6 
76.8 
74 
51.6 
34-4 
35-9 
64.8 
54-9 
55-4 
64.4 

47-9 
37-3 
66.4 
71.8 
85.2 
42.1 
79:4 
62.7 
56-7 
58.4 
45-2 
74-4 
62.3 
48.7 
54-2 
47-1 
64.1 
73-1 
5i-3 
71.1 
70-3 
59-1 
86.2 
76.2 
78.5 
67.2 
62.1 
76.1 
14.1 
9-4 

6 
9-6 
8-3 
6.6 

5-8 
6.4 
ii.  i 

5-2 

13-2 

13-2 

5-7 
5-9 

10 

8.6 
7.6 

?:* 

6.3 
8.9 
10.4. 
5-6 
5 
4-9 
9-1 

i:S 

7-5 
9-5 
5-4 
7-7 
15-8 
13.1 
6.1 
9-1 
8 
9-4 
9-5 

i* 

6.3 

1:1 

8.1 
ii.  3 

'i:J 

13-2 
10.3 
4-4 
12.  1 
6.1 
9-2 
9 
10.5 

'?:! 

•  4 

Legal  tender  

[Yello\v  variety  no  name] 

Riley's  favorite  
[Yellow  variety,  no  name].. 

Calico  

Clarage     

Ohio  white  dent. 

Blue  River  

Champion  white  pearl  
[White  variety,  no  name] 

Kansas  branching  

Early  Wisconsin  

Early  white  dawn  
Beard's  pearl  
Clarke  county  champion  

Haber's  early 

Pusey's  cross-bred  

Murdock.         

Dunlap's  white  

Queen  of  the  field 

Le'aming  

Vlurdock  

Early  Butler..   . 

9o-day  

Pride  of  the  north 

[Yellow  variety,  no  name] 

Burr's  white-cranberry  cross  
Burr's  white-Helms  imp.  cross  
Cloud's  early. 

Mixture  a  

Mixture  b 

Learning-Golden  beauty  cross  
Champion  wh.  pearl-Learning  cross 
Burr's  white-Edmonds  cross  
Mixture  c  
Mixture  d 

Mixture  e  

Golden  dew  drop     

Longfellow  

190 


BULLETIN    NO.    25. 


[April, 


.0 

Av.  ears. 

O  O  oo  ooo  m  •**•  N  inoo  o  O  tx  in  oo  M  M  tx  o  in  in  cooc  inoo  M  co  N  oc  co 
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i 

8 

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txOO    O    IX  Ti-  C  O    -**-O    txOO  OO    O  O  O    N    CO  OO    M  00    OO  O    txOC  O    M    T$-  M    M 

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Good  ears. 

cooo   ^-oo  O  m  co  •**•  rt-oo  m  O  txvo  co  N  tx  M  o  co  inoo  co  »s-  O  co  co  m  coo  O 
m  m  •*  m  ixo  m  rx  mo  m  mo  m  •>*•  r>-  TJ-OO  tx  ooo  O  mo  rxO  O  O  oc  N  co 

OJ 

a 

Total. 

U  §  II  111  lillHrtisi  §  till  §>£  1411  §t 

i 

O   C^iOO   O  33   M   O^^O   t^*  O\  &\  O*>  O  <X)   O   M  tx  "-"   m|x^^>-<OO   O   O^  Ci  C^O   •**• 

in 

M 

Nubbins. 

S  S&HfSSSSSSSSSJ'SSRs  8  IIS  ^BIHS? 

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tx  -3-  -«-f-  o  tx  co  ix  -i-  c  o  o  •-<  M   TT  -i-  ro  co  x>  -i-  Jx  o  tx  c  c*.  x;  o   c*  co  co  x>  co 
co  m  x>   m  co  N  O^  C^  O   O   tx  O    TJ-  C\  O»   -^-NX)    -^  W   co  C1*  O   C*  0*  WO*  me   (M  1^ 

Plat 

8oO??^^0^0?CMN^^^^^^^8NNC?oTj?Nc7':SN0 

£ 

Av.  ears. 

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O  u->O  in  m  m  mo  m  ir>  m  UTO  "O   ^u^u^ior^^iriintx»n'»d-iO'vi-Ti-or)fOir)-^'in 

Nubbins. 

X)  N  ^--ri-OMnr^mN  rox)  -^-u^ocnw  JXI\M  row  u->rxrorx»o  t^x>  M.  r^  rx  w  ^h 
^co^cofOroco^coo^rnco^rocn^-cofOo-ico-xt-rnN  mcorow  N  N  M  comco 

Good  ears. 

co»-'X)  rx.O'O  rxrO"d-rxco^»-tO  MX)  ^O  •<*•  mxi  o  »o  mx)  ro  mo  N  co  ^  N  tx 
rxO  txO  t^O  tx  txo  O  tx  inx   txO  O  100  mo  txo  txO  too  10  m  IT*  Tf-o  O  w> 

- 

Total. 

KI8iyWftH88t£HilUM  ill  S18S  1(111 

o  ooo  o  o  ooooo  M  ooooo  orxo  txoo  o  ooo  orxo  o  M  cooo  txooooo 

Nubbins. 

f  «§  p&SSHslaSSffaSp.?  8  ml  Hsi^o-  £°  s 

ca 

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Good  ears. 

00  O  m  N  O  inoo  coo  M  OO  rxintxMOOO  inc*  -^-o  O  -^-O  rxO  mo  -1-  Ti-oo  Ti- 

co  m  TJ-  TI-O  O   -^  M  ON  o  oc  O  C  txcomOO  Oco  ixo  co  cooc  m  M  o  N   ^  M  m 
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FIELD  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892. 


queen,  a  yellow,  late   maturing  variety,  seed  obtained  from  E.  P.  Kel- 
lenberger,  Godfrey,  111.     It  is  rather  too  late  for  this  locality. 

The  following  table  gives  the  yield  for  each  of  eight  varieties  for  six 
years,  and  of  eleven  for  five  years,  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  average 
yields.  Of  these  varieties,  Champion  white  pearl,  Burr's  white,  and 
Helms  improved  are  white;  the  others  are  yellow.  Murdock  and 
Edmonds  are  early  maturing,  Helms  improved  late,  and  the  others 
medium.  The  average  yield  of  the  eleven  varieties  for  five  years  is  69.3 
bu.  per  acre.  Other  varieties  of  considerable  merit,  that  have  been 
tested  for  two  or  more  years,  are  Dunlap's  white,  Clark's  Onarga,  Cali- 
fornia yellow,  and  ivory  dent. 

YIELD   OF   AIR-DRY   CORN   OF   VARIETIES  TESTED   FOR   YEARS   NAMED. 


Eight  varieties  tested  in 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

1892. 

Av. 

Learning  

29.6 

86  6 

80  6 

6q  4 

67    1 

70  i 

67    3 

Champion  white  pearl 

y  .w 
2O    2 

7O 

Q4    8 

74    Q 

76  5 

5e 

66  9 

Burr's  white     ... 

•3Q 

8^    Q 

75    7 

67    7 

67    7 

^j 
6A    2 

ge     2 

Steward's  improved  yellow 

^2    4 

qi   2 

68   7 

M7 

^8    4 

74    A. 

«o.^ 
6^  * 

Riley's  favorite  

^o  8 

81  8 

66  i 

C  3      3 

^6    I 

74    I 

UJO 

60  4 

Murdock 

•3-3  .  -3 

80  ^ 

6s 

61  6 

CQ      R 

c7    fi 

Le^al  tender 

25    8 

84    2 

68  Q 

60 

cfi  8 

J/  •" 

60    3 

59  -u 

Edmonds           .    . 

27    7 

83   7 

66  3 

re    Q 

^8  6 

uu.j 

c8    A 

jy-  3 

eg    A 

3°  -4 

->°-4 

Eleven  varieties  tested  in 

1888. 

^8, 

1890. 

I89, 

1892. 

Av. 

Champion  white  pearl 

7° 

04    8 

74    Q 

76    5 

65 

76    2 

Learning  

86  6 

80  6 

6q   4 

67    3 

7O    I 

74    8 

Burr's  white  

85  9 

75   7 

67   7 

67    7 

64    2 

72    2 

Helms  improved  

84  .  8 

IO2    6 

51  I 

•3Q 

70    2 

71    ^ 

Clark's  Iroquois 

68   5 

8l    Q 

CQ 

72    Q 

60    5 

Steward's  improved  yellow 

QI  .  2 

68  7 

54    7 

58    4 

74    4 

60    c 

Riley's  favorite     .  . 

83  7 

66  3 

55   Q 

58  6 

74    I 

67    7 

Fisk's  yellow 

76  6 

7Q    5 

6l    7 

57    4 

60    I 

67    I 

Legal  tender  

84.2 

68   7 

60 

56  8 

60  3 

66 

Murdock 

80  3 

65 

61  6 

CQ      g 

57    6 

64    Q 

Edmonds 

81   i 

66  i 

C-3      0 

56      I 

58    4 

3 

A  comparison  of  the  white  and  yellow  varieties  for  1892  shows  an 
average  yield  of  66.3  bu.  per  acre  for  the  white  and  66.2  bu.  for  the 
yellow. 

Experiment  No.  j.      Corn,  Time  oj  Planting. 

Experiments  to  test  the  effect  of  time  of  planting  on  yield  have 
been  conducted  for  the  past  five  years.  The  ground  used  in  1892  was 
plowed  about  six  inches  deep  in  April,  just  after  having  been  manured 
with  barnyard  manure  at  the  rate  of  about  thirty  loads  per  acre.  The 
plats,  sixteen  in  number,  were  each  two  rods,  or  nine  hills  square,  and 
were  planted  by  hand,  four  kernels  per  hill,  3  ft.  8  in.  apart  each 
way.  The  first  two  plats  were  planted  April  3oth,  and  two  plats  were 
planted  each  week  thereafter  till  June  2oth.  Two  varieties  of  corn, 
Murdock  (early  yellow)  and  Burr's  white  (medium  white),  were  used 


I92 


BULLETIN    NO.    25, 


[April, 


in  each  planting.  One-half  of  the  tract  on  which  the  Murdock  was 
planted  was  in  corn  in  1891  and  the  remainder  in  oats.  All  the  plats 
were  cultivated  three  times  and  the  weeds  remaining  were  removed  with 
a  hoe.  After  the  corn  was  well  up  and  before  the  first  cultivation,  the 
number  of  plants  on  each  plat  was  ascertained.  Beginning  with  June 
1 3th  each  stalk  of  one  row  running  across  each  plat  was  measured  each 
week  during  its  growth.  The  average  height  in  inches  to  the  tip  of 
tassel  and  upstretched  leaf  for  each  plat  is  given  in  the  table  for  every 
week. 
AVERAGE  HEIGHTS  TAKEN  WEEKLY  IN  INCHES  TO  TIP  OF  TASSEL  AND  LEAF,  1892. 


2 

P 

June 
13 

June 

21 

June 
29 

July 
4 

July 

12 

July 
19 

July 
26 

Aug 

2 

Aug 
9 

Aug 

17 

Aug 

23 

Sept 
6 

Sept 

21 

(  Tassel 

85 

95 

96 

9S 

Q3 

93 

QC 

i 

{Leaf.... 
1  Tassel.  . 

19 

32 

47 

52 

72 

89 
77 

95 

IOI 

95 
109 

94 
in 

93 
108 

93 
no 

89 
I  08 

.... 

2 

}  Leaf.... 
(  Tassel 

19 

32 

48 

54 

73 

86 

77 

101 
QO 

108 
98 

107 
Q8 

105 
08 

1  06 
08 

103 

Q7 

.... 

3 

1  Leaf.... 
(  Tassel 

16 

29 

44 

49 

69 

87 

94 
Q7 

96 
no 

96 
ni 

95 
109 

94 
no 

93 
IOQ 

.... 

4 

{  Leaf.... 
j  Tassel.  . 

*4 

28 

40 

5i 

63 

75 
70 

93 
92 

108 
97 

HO 

96 

HO 
96 

1  08 
96 

1  06 
96 

.... 

5 

1  Leaf.... 
\  Tassel 

13 

24 

38 

44 

61 

79 

9i 
8q 

93 
97 

90 

98 

91 
Q8 

90 

IOO 

89 

QQ 

b 

}  Leaf.... 
j  Tassel.  . 

12 

20 

33 

37 

55 

72 
58 

QO 
86 

98 

QI 

IOO 

91 

99 
91 

99 
90 

99 
90 

.... 

7 

1  Leaf.... 

j  Tassel.. 

12 

23 

37 

42 

59 

72 

85 
87 

88 

IOO 

88 
104 

87 
103 

87 

IO5 

88 
103 

8 

{Leaf.... 
j  Tassel 

II 

23 

3 

42 

57 

74 

93 
66 

96 

80 

104 
87 

102 

87 

104 
88 

IO2 

87 

9 

}  Leaf.... 
(  Tassel  . 

6 

15 

24 

29 

43 

58 

73 

83 
7Q 

86 

82 

86 
97 

84 
98 

86 

IOI 

98 

10 

J  Leaf.... 
j  Tassel 

7 

15 

23 

28 

4i 

54 

70 
64 

85 
60 

93 
86 

94 

QI 

96 

QO 

98 
88 

98 

ii 

"j  Leaf.... 

19 

23 

36 

5° 

68 

78 

88 

89 

89 

89 

(  Tassel 

88 

Q6 

IO2 

IO3 

IOI 

IOO 

12 

"j  Leaf 

21 

27 

40 

56 

76 

88 

QQ 

IO3 

104 

IO2 

99 

(  Tassel.  . 

86 

84 

94 

99 

IOI 

IOI 

13 

|  Leaf.... 
j  Tassel.  . 

.... 

II 

15 

24 

36 

56 

69 

86 
69 

96 

78 

98 
94 

99 

IOI 

IOO 

98 

M 

/  Leaf 

8 

II 

18 

3O 

47 

61 

73 

87 

QC 

q8 

q8 

\  Tassel 

68 

78 

89 

93 

99 

15 

}  Leaf 

7 

15 

26 

42 

67 

81 

88 

QO 

97 

\  Tassel.  . 

67 

82 

86 

86 

ib 

{Leaf.... 

5 

7 

13 

23 

33 

43 

63 

76 

93 

86 

The  first  six  plantings  of  Murdock  and  the  first  two  of  Burr's  white 
were  husked  Oct.  6th;  the  remaining  ones,  Nov.  I2th.  When  husked, 
the  number  and  pounds  of  ears  were  ascertained  for  each  third  of  each 
plat.  The  middle  third  was  shelled,  both  corn  and  cobs  weighed,  and  a 
jar  of  the  shelled  corn  sent  to  the  laboratory  for  the  determination  of 
water. 

In  the  table  it  will  be  seen  that  there  was  a  fairly  good  stand  on  all 
but  the  last  planting.  That  so  good  a  stand  was  procured  for  the  first 
planting  was  probably  due  to  the  mean  temperature,  for  a  few  days  at 


i893.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN. 


1892. 


193 


that  time,  being  nearly  ten  degrees  warmer  than  the  mean  for  the  month 
of  May. 

The  largest  yield  of  air-dry  corn,  in  the  case  of  each  variety,  was 
from  planting  April  3Oth,  the  next  from  May  yth.  Taking  the  average 
results  of  five  years'  trials,  however,  the  largest  yield,  66  bu.  per  acre,  is 
from  planting  May  nth  to  i6th,  with  but  one  bushel  decrease  from 
May  4th  to  23d. 

Of  the  latest  planting  sixty  per  cent  of  the  Murdock  matured,  but 
the  Burr's  white  was  all  green.  Of  next  to  the  last  planting  all  the 
Murdock  and  twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  Burr's  white  matured. 

Murdock  planted  June  ist  matured  in  101  days,  which  is  less  time 
than  any  planted  either  earlier  or  later  required,  being  27  days  less  than 
that  planted  April  $oth.  From  the  table  giving  the  weekly  measure- 
ments it  will  be  seen  that  the  first  four  plantings  of  Murdock  reached 
nearly  their  maximum  height  at  the  same  date,  July  26th,  and  that  the 
first  three  plantings  of  Burr's  white  reached  nearly  their  maximum 
height  at  the  same  date,  Aug.  2d.  This  shows  plainly  the  more  rapid 
growth  of  corn  planted  later  in  the  season  when  the  ground  is  warmer, 
over  that  planted  early  when  the  ground  is  cold. 

By  very  early  planting,  if  a  good  stand  is  procured  and  the  corn 
kept  equally  free  from  weeds,  we  may  expect  as  large  yields  as  from 
later  planting.  But  for  this  locality  the  extra  labor  required  to  remove 
weeds  and  the  risk  of  a  poor  stand  will  not  justify  planting  earlier  than 
about  May  ist. 

RESULTS  WITH   CORN    FROM    PLANTINGS   AT   DIFFERENT   DATES,    1892. 


~ 

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c? 

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Apr.  30 

Sept.  5 

10560 

4200 

63.6 

15.36 

66 

69.4 

60.5 

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81 

May    7 

5 

9320 

4280 

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17.27 

67 

72.5 

59.4 

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May  1  6 

'          10 

9240 

3840 

57-1 

16.04 

67.2 

71.2 

53.9 

7 

88 

May  23 

'       10 

10680 

3970 

58.4 

17-48 

67.9 

73.4 

54.1 

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June    i 

10 

8840 

3630 

52.7 

20.48 

68.9 

77.1 

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June    8 

'         21 

10000 

4660 

66.6 

24-43 

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82.5 

56.5 

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"     13 

29  |    9760 

4250 

62.1 

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55.2 

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Oct.  ii*    6240 

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28.7 

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80.  i 

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Burrs  white 

83 

Apr.  30 

Sept  10   10480 

6590 

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22.94 

69 

79.7 

82.7 

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May    7 

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9840 

6630 

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69.7 

81.9 

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June    i 

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9360 

5280 

77-7 

18.91 

67.9 

74-6 

70.8 

12 

• 

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"       8 

Oct.     4 

9960 

6090 

89.2 

21.4 

68.3 

77-3 

78.8 

M 

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7560 

3950 

52.4 

27.37 

75  4 

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42.7 

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6240 

2300 

28.7 

35  42 

80.  i 

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*6o  per  cent  ripe. 


per  cent  ripe. 


SGreen. 


194  BULLETIN    NO.    25. 

RESULTS   WITH   CORN   FROM    PLANTINGS   AT   DIFFERENT   DATES,    1888  — 1892. 


Dates. 

Bu.  air-dry  corn  per  acre. 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

1892. 

Av. 

April  22  —  25              .     ..... 

52 
44 
5i 
56 
50 
55 
50 
50 

5i 
50 
48 
50 
52 
34 
37 
19 

51-5 
63 
65 
66 

65 
61 

59 
46 

30-5 

April  27  —  May  2   

80 
87 
86  . 
87 
83 
81 

50 

67 
7i 
75 
71 

74 
61 
60 

71.6 
72 
70 

63 
66 

59 
68 

30.5 

May  4  —  q  .  . 

'  '  1  1  —  16 

"  iq  —  23 

"  26  —  June  i  ......   

June  i  —  8  

June  8  —  13  

"  20 

Experiment  No.  4.  Corn,  Depth  of  Planting. 
June  2,  1892,  fourteen  rows,  each  4  rods  in  length,  were  planted 
with  Burr's  white  corn,  three  kernels  per  hill.  The  hills  were  3 
ft.  apart  in  the  row,  and  the  rows  3  ft.  8  in.  apart.  Rows  i 
and  8  were  planted  i  in.  deep,  2  and  9,  2  in.  deep,  and  so  on, 
rows  7  and  14  being  7  inches  deep.  The  land  was  adjacent  to  that  used 
for  experiment  No.  5,  and  in  every  way  treated  the  same.  The  number 
of  hills  and  plants  was  greatest  for  the  shallowest  planting  and  least  for 
the  deepest.  This  experiment  has  been  conducted  for  four  years,  and 
from  the  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  average  number  of  ears  per  acre 
uniformly  decreases  from  the  shallowest  to  the  deepest  planting,  and  in 
general  the  average  of  bushels  per  acre  also  decreases. 

RESULTS   WITH   CORN   FROM   PLANTINGS  AT   DIFFERENT   DEPTHS. 


u 

a 

73 

Ears  per  acre. 

Bushels  per  acre. 

Ears  in  a  bushel. 

5' 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1892. 

Av. 

1888. 

1889 

1890 

1892 

Av. 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1892 

Av. 

I 

11,070 

10,530 

9,608 

8,280 

9,872 

109  7 

83 

77.8 

65.8 

84.1 

IOI 

127 

124 

126 

119 

2 

9.630 

10,080 

9,385 

8,640 

9.454 

88.4 

83 

72.8 

64.7 

77-2 

109 

121 

129 

133 

123 

3 

10,440 

8,190 

9.831 

8,910 

9,342 

100.8 

5i 

70.3 

62.7 

71.2 

104 

161 

140 

142 

137 

4 

9-630 

9.540 

7,485 

9,450 

9,026 

88 

87 

58.4 

7°-3 

75-9 

109 

no 

128 

135 

120 

5 

8,280 

8,82018,491 

7,020 

8,153 

73-i 

81 

62.3 

56-S 

68.2 

113 

109 

136 

124 

120 

6 

5-94° 

10,440 

8,389 

7,290 

8,014 

60.3 

92 

60.3 

58.5 

67.7 

98 

"3 

139 

125 

118 

7 

5,  130 

40.5 

127 

Experiment  No.  5.      Corn,  Thickness  of  Planting. 

The  land  used  for  this  experiment  was  in  oats  in  1891,  and  was 
seeded  to  clover.  It  was  plowed  late  in  May,  after  the  clover  had  made 
considerable  growth  and  after  having  barnyard  manure  applied  at 
the  rate  of  about  thirty  loads  per  acre.  June  4th  Burr's  white  corn  was 
planted  by  hand  in  each  of  60  rows  four  rods  long,  at  the  varying  num- 
ber of  kernels  per  hill  and  distances  between  hills  shown  in  the  table. 

From  the  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  proportion  of  stalks  harvested 
to  kernels  planted  uniformly  increases  as  the  thickness  of  planting 


'S93.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     l8o2. 


'95 


decreases.  In  general  the  ratio  of  ears  to  stalks  increases  as  the  thick- 
ness decreases.  There  seems  to  be  no  particular  difference  as  regards 
the  number  of  kernels  per  hill.  The  difference  in  yield  being  due  to 
the  number  of  plants  on  a  given  area.  The  weight  both  of  stalks  and 
ears  increases  as  the  thickness  of  planting  decreases,  except  for  the  thin- 
nest planting,  when  they  are  slightly  lighter  than  for  the  next  thicker 
planting.  This  would  indicate  that  the  maximum  growth  for  each 
plant  can  be  obtained  when  there  is  a  goodly  number,  and  that  neither 
the  size  of  ears  nor  stalks  will  be  increased  by  having  fewer  plants  than 
this  number. 


RESULTS   WITH  CORN  FROM    PLANTINGS  AT  DIFFERENT   RATES  OF   THICKNESS,   1892. 


B 

Per  acre. 

P 

Av.  wt 

*B? 

jBu.  per  acre,  air-dry  corn. 

p 

0 

°  o' 

w 

1 

3 

0> 

8 

tf 

C/5 

W 

Is- 

O  v> 

cr 
p 

(A 

3' 

5 

3 

5? 

5 

a* 

r 

S-| 

o 

sL  » 

> 

P 

I 

73 

Df 

P 

a* 
p 

C/J 

P~*  s* 

B) 

IT 

5"8L 

oo 

CO 

co 

,£ 

CO 

o> 

| 

cr 

P" 

3 

i 

W 

0 
| 

P 

B  of 

5L 

W 

P 

3 

O 

H 

co 

9 

o 

K> 

f 

w 

0) 
p. 

1 

n> 

n 

8 

Pi 

i 

3 

47520 

23640 

19200 

9000 

8430 

•49 

38 

4S 

81 

73 

46.4 

24.4  105.3 

62.3 

2 

6 

47520 

23460 

16980  9060  6735 

•49 

39 

4° 

72 

87.4 

46.2 

23.2'  84.1 

60.2 

3 

9 

47520 

23940 

16260  9090  6960 

•  5 

38 

4"* 

68 

81.7 

53  •  5 

23.1  87 

6i.3 

4 

12 

47520 

23880 

18840 

9870 

7815 

•5 

42 

79 

76.5 

45-3 

21  .2 

97-7 

60.2 

Av. 

47520 

23730 

17820 

9255 

7760 

•495 

39 

42 

75 

79-6 

47-8 

22.9 

93-5 

61 

i 

6 

23760 

13140 

12660 

6990 

7275 

•55 

53 

S7 

96 

88.5 

68.8 

39-9 

90.9 

72 

2 

12 

23760 

14460 

12960 

8370 

7890 

.61 

58 

61 

89 

87-3 

74 

41.5 

98.6 

75.3 

3 

18 

23760 

15420 

14340 

8l6o 

8265 

•65 

53 

S7 

93 

75-2 

70.4 

43-9 

103.3 

73-2 

4 

24 

23760 

14940 

13200 

8370 

8070 

•36 

56 

61 

89 

8i.3 

76.4 

43-6 

100.8 

75-5 

Av. 

23760 

14490 

13290 

7972 

7875 

.61 

55 

59 

91-7 

83 

72-4 

42.2 

98.4 

74 

i 

9 

15840 

9900 

954° 

8940 

6975 

.62 

90 

7S 

96 

84-4 

78.7 

49-8 

87.2 

75 

2 

18 

15840 

11640 

10260 

7530 

7155 

•73 

6.5 

69 

88 

76 

81.9 

50.2 

89-4 

74-3 

3 

27 

15840 

10260 

9120 

7770 

6600 

•65 

75 

72 

89 

75-6 

78.8 

45-3 

82.5 

70.5 

4 

36 

15840 

9300 

9420 

7950 

7165 

•59 

85 

76 

101 

81.7 

7L4 

45-7 

89.5 

72 

Av. 

15840 

10275 

9585 

8047 

6973 

.647 

78.7 

75 

93-2 

79-4 

77-7 

47-7 

87.1 

72.9 

i 

12 

Il88o 

9000 

8160  8010 

6405 

•76 

89 

78 

9i 

81.7 

74-4 

60.7 

80 

74-2 

2 

24 

Il88o 

9540 

7380  9120  6090 

.8 

95 

82 

77 

79-5 

81.561.4 

76.  j 

74-6 

3 

36 

Il88o 

ssso 

8280 

8460  6930 

•74 

95 

83 

93 

76 

77-9 

57-i 

86.6 

74-4 

4 

48 

Il88o 

9840 

8400 

9090 

6885 

.82 

92 

82 

85 

70.4 

80.6 

60.7 

86 

74-4 

Av. 

II880 

9315 

8055 

8670 

6577 

.78 

92.7 

8  1 

86.5 

76.9 

78.6 

59-9 

82.2 

74-4 

i 

I5 

9504 

8460 

7440 

8175 

6015 

.89 

97 

Si 

88 

71.9 

67.2 

57-6 

75-2 

67.9 

2 

30 

9504 

8280  7860705015790 

.87 

85 

71 

95 

61.7 

69.654.9 

72.3 

64.8 

3 

45 

9504 

8220 

8220  7155 

6030 

.86 

87 

100 

57-9 

72.8 

58.9 

75-4 

66.2 

4" 

60 

0,504 

7020 

7020!  5640 

5790 

74 

80 

8-7 

TOO 

72  .  3 

72.3 

Av. 

9504 

77 

63.8 

69.8 

~ 

73-8 

67.8 

7995 

7635 

7005 

5906 

.84 

87 

95-7 

196 


BULLETIN    NO.    25. 


[April, 


The  yield  of  stover  is  greatest  for  the  thickest  rate  of  planting,  but 
the  bushels  of  corn  is  greater  for  thinner  rates.  Taking  the  average  for 
four  years,  there  seems  to  be  but  little  difference  between  planting  any- 
where from  1 1, 880  to  23,760  kernels  per  acre.  If  grown  chiefly  for 
the  grain,  the  fewer  the  ears  required  to  make  the  maximum  yield  the 
less  the  work  in  harvesting;  but  if  much  value  is  attached  to  the  stover, 
•the  larger  amount  obtained  by  planting  thicker  might  more  than  pay  for 
the  extra  labor  required  to  harvest  the  grain.  If  stover  and  corn  are  to 
be  fed  together,  then  it  is  pretty  certainly  better  to  plant  thickly.  This 
experiment  would  indicate  that  as  corn  is  ordinarily  planted  there  is  much 
less  danger  of  getting  too  many  plants,  than  of  getting  too  few.  One 
chief  reason  why  smaller  yields  are  obtained  from  corn  planted  thickly  is 
probably  because  many  small  ears  are  not  husked. 

In  connection  with  the  above  there  were  planted  in  hills,  on  land 
only  a  few  rods  distant  which  had  been  cropped  and  treated  the 
same,  eight  plats,  the  kernels  per  hill  and  distance  apart  each  way  being 
indicated  in  the  table. 

Three  plats  were  planted  with  Murdock,  seed  grown  at  Cham- 
paign; three  with  Murdock,  seed  obtained  from  W.  T.  Lamb,  Ridott, 
Stephenson,  Co.,  in  northern  Illinois,  to  whom  this  variety  was  sent 
from  the  University  farms  some  years  ago;  and  two  with  Arleus,  seed 
from  C.  Freeman,  Princeton^  111.  Two  of  the  three  plats  of  Murdock 
from  Champaign  gave  considerably  larger  yields  than  the  correspond- 
ing ones  planted  with  Murdock  from  northern  Illinois. 

The  largest  average  yield  was  from  planting  five  kernels  every  3 
ft.  S  in.  each  way,  though  a  greater  number  of  ears  was  harvested  from 
planting  four  kernels  every  3  ft.  in  the  row  and  in  rows  3  ft.  8  in. 
apart. 

As  stated  in  the  report  of  Experiment  No.  J,  in  21  out  of  24  cases 
larger  yields  of  corn  were  obtained  from  plats  planted  with  4  kernels 
than  from  those  planted  with  3  kernels  in  each  hill,  all  other  conditions 
being  as  nearly  alike  as  was  possible  to  secure  them. 

RESULTS  WITH  MURDOCK  AND  ARLEUS  PLANTED  AT  DIFFERENT  RATES,  1892. 


Number 

per  acre. 

1 

? 

Variety. 

Distance 
between  hills 
ft.  and  in. 

3 

5T 

cr 

Kernels 
planted. 

Ears 
harvest- 
ed. 

:>f  100  ears  in  Ib. 

s 

o 

cr 

d 

I 

2 

Murdock,  Northern  Illinois.  . 
''      Champaign 

3;8  x  3  8 

5 
5 

16970 
16070 

10200 

11320 

46  6 

58.2 
66.8 

3 

"       Northern  Illinois.  .  . 
"      Champaign  

3;8  x  3  t 

4 
4 

15840 
15840 

11960 
10760 

41.1 

37. 

64.2 
57-3 

5 
6 

"      Northern  Illinois.  .  . 
"      Champaign      .  .  . 

3 

•3. 

11880 
11880 

7720 

0440 

45-8 

47  5 

43-6 
55  9 

7 

Arleus     Princeton      ...    . 

3 

11880 

7760 

58  6 

53-  J 

8 

1  1                 i« 

4 

15840 

9845 

55  7 

46.8 

1893.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892. 


I97 


Experiment  No.  6.      Corn,  Planting  in  Hills  or  Drills. 

The  land  used  consisted  of  five  half  acre  plats.  It  was  plowed  in 
early  May  and  planted  May  26th  to  28th  with  Burr's  white  corn.  The 
corn  was  dropped  by  hand  and  covered  with  a  hoe.  The  west  half  of 
each  plat  was  planted  four  kernels  per  hill,  3  ft.  8  in.  apart  each  way, 
and  the  east  half,  one  kernel  every  n  in.  in  rows  3  ft.  8  in.  apart.  The 
cultivation  was  the  same  on  both  parts,  each  being  cultivated  four  times 
and  the  weeds  remaining  were  removed  with  a  hoe.  Sept.  26th  to  Oct. 
ist  the  corn  was  cut  and  shocked.  In  November  the  corn  was  husked 
and  the  yield  ascertained.  In  March  the  stover  was  weighed.  The 
accompanying  table  gives  the  yield  per  acre  for  each  plat.  It  will  be 
seen  that  there  is  but  little  difference  in  the  yields  of  corn,  three  plats 
being  very  slightly  in  favor  of  drills  and  the  other  two  in  favor  of  hills, 
while  the  average  is  less  than  one  bushel  in  favor  of  hills.  In  every 
instance  the  yield  of  stover  is  slightly  in  favor  of  drills,  the  average 
being  214  Ib.  per  acre  greater. 

This  experiment,  like  No.  5,  both  for  this  and  previous  years,  seems 
to  indicate  that  there  is  practically  no  difference  between  hills  and  drills, 
so  far  as  yields  are  concerned. 


RESULTS  WITH  CORN  PLANTED  IN  HILLS  AND  DRILLS. 


2 

Yield  per  acre. 

Yield  per  acre 

p 

(75  Ibs.  per  bu). 

Ib.  stover. 

? 

Hills. 

Drills. 

Hills. 

Drills. 

I 

58-2 

54-7 

2520 

2700 

2 

30.3 

30.6 

1440 

1620 

3 

30.7 

3i.i 

1340 

1640 

5 

61  .9 

64.4 

2600 

2840 

6 

54-8 

50.6 

2552 

2720 

Av. 

47-2 

46.3 

2090 

2304 

Experiment  No.  8.      Corn,  Frequency  of  Cultivation. 

June  3d  the  tract  used  for  experiments  No.  8,  9,  and  10  was 
plowed,  harrowed  and  planted  with  Burr's  white  corn,  four  kernels  per 
hill,  hills  3  ft.  8  in.  apart  each  way.  It  was  divided  into  ten  plats. 
Plats  i  and  5  had  the  weeds  removed  without  any  cultivation  and  with 
the  least  possible  disturbance  of  the  soil;  2  and  7  were  cultivated  shal- 
low, ordinary;  3  and  8  deep,  ordinary;  4  and  9  shallow,  frequent;  and 
6  and  10  deep,  frequent.  The  scraping  was  done  with  a  hoe.  The 
shallow  cultivation  with  the  "  Superior "  cultivator,  and  a  one  horse 
"  Planet  Junior,"  the  latter  being  used  after  the  corn  was  too  tall  to  be 
cultivated  with  two  horses;  and  the  deep  cultivation  with  a  one-horse 
double  shovel.  For  the  dates  and  frequency  of  cultivation  see  table. 
The  number  of  ears  and  bushels  per  acre  is  given  in  the  table  for 


198  BULLETIN    NO.    25.  [April, 

RESULTS   WITH    CORN   FROM    SHALLOW   AND   DEEP   CULTIVATED    PLATS,    1892. 


Yiel 

d  per  acr 

s. 

Kind  of  cultivation. 

No  ears. 

Bu.  corn 

Av.  bu. 
for  4  yrs. 

None,   weeds  scraped  from  surface          .    ..      .    ... 

0648  q 

76  8 

78  25 

Ordinary,  shallow  (2  plats)  

8404    Q 

7O      I 

78  82 

Frequent,   shallow          "      

9820  8 

81   5 

82 

Ordinary,   deep               "      

9839.4 

80.  i 

75 

Frequent,   deep                "      

8897.7 

69.2 

73 

Frequent   average  (4  plats) 

QQCQ    2 

75    3 

77    6 

Ordinary,        "                  "     

9122.1 

75-i 

76.9 

Shallow   average  (4  plats) 

91  12  8 

75    8 

80  4 

Deep            " 

cn68  c 

74    6 

74 

each  mode  of  cultivation.  Frequent  shallow  cultivation  increased  the 
yield  considerably  this  year,  and  gave  a  slight  increase  upon  taking  the 
average  of  four  years.  For  deep  cultivation  the  reverse  is  true.  Taking 
the  average  of  all  frequent  cultivation  against  the  average  of  all  ordi- 
nary cultiuation  there  is  practically  no  difference  in  yield  either  for  this 
year  or  for  the  average  of  four  years. 

CULTIVATION  OF  PLATS. 


Date,  1892. 

Plats  i  and  5. 

Plats  2  and  7. 

Plats  3  and  8. 

Plats  4  and  9. 

Plats  6  and  10. 

June  27  

Scraped  

Shallow  

Deep  . 

Shallow 

Deep 

'  '     30 

Shallow 

r  
Deep 

Tuly  6 

Shallow 

Shallow 

7     . 

Scraped 

Deep 

Deep 

Deep 

15  

Shallow 

2O  

Shallow  

Deep 

Shallow     . 

Deep 

22 

Scraped 

Hoed  in  row 

Hoed  in  row 

Hoed  in  row 

Hoed  in  row 

Aug.  4 

Shallow 

Deep 

Experiment  No.  Q —  Corn,  depth  of  Cultivation, 
For  care  of  crop,  see  report  on  Experiment  No.  c?  (p.  197^.  By  con- 
sulting the  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  smallest  yield  for  1892  was 
from  frequent  deep  cultivation;  while,  contrary  to  former  trials,  ordi- 
nary deep  cultivation  gave  a  larger  yield  than  ordinary  shallow  culti- 
vation. The  average  of  all  plats,  however,  is  slightly  in  favor  of 
shallow  cultivation,  while  the  average  of  four  years  is  in  favor  of 
shallow  cultivation,  both  frequent  and  ordinary.  Better  yields  are 
obtained  by  no  cultivation,  so  long  as  the  corn  is  kept  free  from 
weeds,  than  by  deep  cultivation.  The  average  of  four  years  shows 
an  increase  of  6.4  bu.  per  acre  in  favor  of  shallow  cultivation 
over  deep. 

Experiment   No.    10 —  Corn,    effect   of  Root-pruning. 
Every   other  row  of    18   rows    running   across    the    south  end    of 
the   10  plats  used  in  Experiments  No.  8  and  p  was  root-pruned  four 
inches   deep.     The    pruning   was  done   three    times — July   yth,    i5th, 


i893.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892. 


I99 


and  28th — by  placing  a  frame  12  inches  square  on  the  outside,  over 
each  hill,  and  drawing  a  guaged  knife  around  the  edge  of  it.  When 
husked  the  number  and  pounds  of  ears  for  each  row  of  each  plat 
were  ascertained.  The  table  gives  90  weights,  involving  45  compari- 
sons. In  31  of  these,  the  unpruned  gave  larger  yields  than  the 
pruned.  Taking  the  total  yield  of  each  row  running  across  the  ten 
plats,  eight  out  of  nine  comparisons  give  the  largest  yield  for  the 
unpruned,  and  the  sum  of  the  pruned  and  unpruned  is  in  favor  of 
unpruned  for  each  of  the  five  sets  of  two  plats. 

The  average  yield  per  acre  is  8.3  bu.  greater  for  the  unpruned 
rows. 

These  experiments  and  similar  ones  in  previous  years  suggest 
that  shallow  culture  is  better  than  deep;  that  the  injury  to  the  roots, 
which  necessarily  results  from  deep  culture,  reduces  the  yield;  that 
good  crops  may  be  secured  in  this  soil  without  other  cultivation  than 
scraping  the  surface  to  destroy  weeds,  and  that  the  gain  from  unusually 
frequent  cultivation  usually  does  not  equal  the  extra  cost  of  such 
cultivation. 

RESULTS  WITH  CORN  IN  PRUNED  AND  UNPRUNED  Rows,  1892. 


I 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

10 

ii 

12 
13 

M 

15 

16 

17 
18 

Row. 

Yield  of  ear  corn,  pounds. 

Plats 
i&5 

Plats 
2  &  7 

Plats 
3  &8 

Plats 
4&9 

Plats 
6  &  10 

Sum  of  ten 
plats. 

Yield 
per 
acre 
bu.  (75 
Ib.) 

No. 
ears. 

Lb. 
ears. 

Unpruned  

9-25 
6.25 
ii.  5 
12.25 

5-37 
7-5 

10 
10.12 
14 

9 

10.5 

9.75 
11.87 

7.25 

10.87 
7.62 

12.25 
8.62 

n-37 
8 

i3 
8.62 

13-25 

12 

9-37 
8-5 
ii.  5 

8.12 

n-75 
12.5 
12.25 

8.12 

9-75 
11.87 
ii  .62 

10 

8-5 
9.87 
10-75 
10-75 
10.25 
11.25 

II.  12 
9.87 
10.5 

8.75 
n-75 
9-37 
12-37 
9-37 
8.62 

6-75 
8.75 
10.5 

10.62 

7-75 
11.25 
9.62 
10 
12.37 
12.75 
ii 
11.87 
13-37 
ii.  5 
9-37 
12.25 
ii 

10-37 
11.87 
ii 

10.75 

7-75 
9 
10.5 
10.25 

7-37 

6.12 

10.62 

9.75 
7.62 

8.25 
8.25 
8.87 
10.62 
7.25 
9.87 
8-75 
9-25 
8-75 

94 
82 

94 
94 
74 
90 
90 
89 
8Q 
81 

87 
88 

IOI 

76 
83 
81 

87 
78 

47-49 

40.87 

57 
51-49 
46.24 
49.24 
53-86 
49.24 
55-49 
47-49 
53-75 
49-36 
59.36 
42.99 
49.48 
46.86 
52-87 
48.62 

70.9 
61 
85-1 
76.9 
69 
73-5 
80.4 

73-5 
82.9 
70.9 
80.3 

73-7 
88.6 
64.2 

73-9 
69.9 

78.9 
72.6 

Pruned  . 

Unpruned.. 

Pruned  

Unpruned  
Pruned  

Unpruned  . 

Pruned 

Unpruned  

Pruned  

Unpruned  

Pruned 

Unpruned 

Pruned  

Unpruned   

Pruned  

Unpruned 

Pruned  ... 

_         (  UnDruned 

95.61 

78.36 

103.86 
87.73 

92.61 
86.48 

101  .61 
97.10 

81.85 
76.99 

799 
759 

475-54 
426.16 

710 
636.2 

Total  -  ^    ' 
1  /  Pruned  

Experiment  No.  89.      Corn,    Cross-fertilization. 
In  1890  sixty-two  ears  were  fertilized  with  pollen  from  other  stalks, 
making  thirty  direct  crosses.  The  cross-fertilization  was  effected  by  cover- 
ing the  shoots  as  soon  as  they  appeared  with  small  cloth  bags,  and  the 


2OO  BULLETIN    NO.    25. 

tassels  from  which  pollen  was  wanted  with  either  cloth  or  paper  bags. 
When  the  silks  had  become  from  two  to  six  inches  long,  the  covering 
was  removed  and  the  pollen,  from  the  desired  variety,  was  applied  and 
the  ear  again  covered.  An  umbrella  was  used  during  the  process  to 
shield  the  silk  from  pollen  falling  from  the  surrounding  stalks.  In 
most  cases  the  ears  were  fairly  well  filled  though  some  of  the  cobs  were 
only  partially  covered  with  kernels. 

In  1892  a  small  plat  was  planted  from  each  of  50  of  the  above 
ears.  Three  shoots  of  each  plat  were  covered  and  fertilized  as  were 
the  above.  One  shoot  was  fertilized  with  pollen  from  its  own  tassel 
(self-fertilized)  and  the  other  two  with  pollen  of  other  stalks  always 
from  the  same  plat.  The  time  of  ripening  and  the  number  and  pounds  of 
ears  were  ascertained  for  each  plat,  the  artificially  fertilized  ears  marked 
and  a  record  made  of  them.  The  immediate  result  of  a  cross  often  showed 
little  or  no  evidence  of  the  cross;  the  product  of  the  immediate  result 
planted  usually  showed  such  evidence,  the  ears  varying  widely.  The  ears 
of  the  cross-bred  corn  were  frequently  larger  than  the  average  of  the 
parents  and  the  yield,  as  shown  in  Experiment  No.  I,  p.  1 79,  was  increased 
by  crossing. 

Experiment  No.  po.      Growth  of  the  Corn  Plant  •  Increase  of  its  Dry 

Matter. 

For  four  years  the  rate  of  growth  and  the  increase  of  the  dry  mat- 
ter in  the  corn  plant  have  been  carefully  studied.  For  three  years  the 
composition  of  the  plant  has  been  determined  at  weekly  intervals. 

In  each  year  the  results  have  shown  a  steady  increase  in  the  quan- 
tity of  dry  matter  until  the  plant  has  become  fairly  mature.  In  no  year 
has  there  been  more  than  half  the  total  quantity  of  dry  matter  when  the 
plant  has  reach  its  full  height  and  not  more  than  75  per  cent  of  the  max- 
imum when  the  ears  were  in  the  soft  dough  stage.  In  several  cases 
there  has  been  a  slight  decrease  in  the  quantity  of  dry  matter  as  the 
plant  became  fully  mature.  This  may  be  explained  by  the  dropping  of 
leaves  or  tassels.  Aside  from  this,  the  evidence  seems  conclusive  that 
the  greatest  quantity  of  dry  matter  can  be  secured  by  not  cutting  the 
crop  until  it  is  fully  ripe.  The  total  weight  is  greater  at  an  earlier  stage 
because  of  the  greater  per  cent  and  quantity  of  water.  In  1892  the 
plants  showed  about  90  per  cent  of  water  for  several  weeks  while  young, 
and  did  not  fall  below  75  per  cent  of  water  until  Sept.  ist.  The  lowest 
percentage  found  was  56  at  the  last  examination,  Oct.  7th. 

The  rapid  growth  of  the  corn  plant  under  favorable  conditions  has 
been  well  illustrated.  An  increase  of  48  inches  in  height  in  two  weeks 
has  been  observed  in  varieties  not  especially  tall  growing.  In  1892  a 
growth  of  28  inches  was  noted  in  one  week. 

The  chemical  analyses,  made  under  direction  of  Mr.  Farrington, 
chemist  of  the  Station,  show  that,  while  there  has  been  a  fairly  uniform 
increase  in  the  weight  of  the  ash,  protein,  fiber,  nitrogen  free  extract, 


•893-] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,    1892, 


201 


and  the  fat  or  ether  extract  up  to  the  date  when  the  corn  was  fairly 
well  matured,  the  composition  of  the  dry  matter  shows  a  steady  decrease 
in  the  percentage  of  ash  and  protein ;  at  first  there  is  an  increase  and  then  a 
decrease  in  the  percentage  of  fiber;  a  steady  increase  in  the  percentage  of 
nitrogen  free  extract,  and  a  good  deal  of  variation  in  the  percentage  of 
ether  extract  with,  in  general,  a  considerable  decrease  until  the  plant 
becomes  nearly  mature. 

Aside  from  questions  of  digestion  and  palatability,  these  observations, 
as  well  as  trials  on  a  larger  scale,  suggest  the  belief  that  cutting  the  corn 
crop  before  it  has  become  reasonably  mature  involves  a  considerable  loss. 

Experiment  No.  134.      Corn,  Effect  of  Removing  Tassels. 

The  tassels  on  every  other  row  of  ten  rows  of  Burr's  white  corn 
were  removed  as  soon  as  they  appeared,  many  of  them  being  removed 
before  they  had  emerged  from  the  leaves.  Of  another  ten  rows  the 
tassels  on  every  other  row  were  removed  after  they  were  fully  out,  but 
before  they  began  to  shed  pollen. 

The  following  shows  no  differences  that  can  be  attributed  to  re- 
moval of  the  tassels.  The  yield  when  tassels  were  removed  early  was 
slightly  decreased,  while  removing  them  when  well  out  slightly  in- 
creased the  yield.  The  total  difference  between  removing  and  not  removing 
is  10.5  Ib.  in  favor  of  not  removing.  This  is  essentially  the  same  as  for 
1891,  when  there  was  only  one  Ib.  difference  in  yield  between  15  rows 
having  no  tassels  and  15  having  them  left  on  : 

RESULTS  WITH  CORN  FROM  REMOVING  TASSELS  IN  PART.    1892, 


No. 
Rows. 

Tassel. 

No.  ears. 

Lb.  ears. 

Wt. 
ioo  ears. 

Removfcd  early 

417 

228 

54  7 

5" 

Left  on 

4^2 

242 

56 

c 

Removed  when  out 

4ic 

232   5 

56 

5 

Left  on  

422 

22Q 

54-3 

10 

Removed 

8^2 

460   5 

cc  4 

10 

Left  on        .                    

854 

471 

55  2 

GENERAL  CONCLUSIONS. 

Indian  corn  is  the  most  important  grain  crop  of  Illinois.  From 
5,000,000  to  7,000,000  acres  are  annually  planted  to  corn  each  year  by 
Illinois  farmers.  A  small  increase  in  the  yield  per  acre  would  mean  an 
increase  of  some  millions  of  dollars  in  the  total  value  of  the  crop  in  the 
state.  The  uniform  results  of  the  experiments  at  this  Station  for  five 
years  past  indicate  that  an  increase  of  at  least  five  bushels  per  acre  over 
average  yields  may  be  secured  without  increase  in  cost  of  producing  the 
crop. 

There  are  many  good  varieties  grown  in  the  state.  There  seems  to 
be  no  good  reason  for  sending  to  a  distance  for  new  varieties.  The 
claims  made  by  many  seedsmen  concerning  the  superiority  of  varieties 


202  BULLETIN    NO.    25.  [April, 

offered  by  them  are  gross  exaggerations.  But  there  are  marked  differ- 
ences in  the  value  of  different  varieties.  For  central  Illinois,  probably 
for  northern  Illinois,  but  less  certainly  for  southern  Illinois,  it  is  wise  to 
select  a  variety  with  as  large  ears,  if  well  shaped,  as  practicable,  pro- 
vided the  time  of  maturity  is  early  enough  to  reduce  danger  from  frosts 
in  the  autumn  to  a  minimum.  Neither  yield  nor  feeding  value  depends  on 
the  color  of  the  kernels,  or  on  the  smoothness  or  roughness  of  the  ears. 

For  the  soil  and  climate  at  the  Station  grounds  varieties  are  prefer- 
red which  have  stalks  eight  to  ten  feet  high,  of  medium  thickness,  with 
short  joints  and  abundant  foliage;  producing  ears  at  a  height  of  from 
three  feet  six  inches  to  four  feet;  the  ears  having  short  shanks.  It  is 
preferred  that  the  ears  be  from  eight  to  ten  inches  in  length,  and  about 
two  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter;  nearly  uniform  in  diameter  except 
near  the  tips;  well  filled  at  both  ends;  with  from  1 6  to  20  rows;  the 
kernels  thick  rather  than  thin,  somewhat  wedge  shaped  and  with  little 
space  between  the  rows.  The  cob  may  be  from  one  to  one  and  a  quar- 
ter inches  in  diameter. 

Some  excellent  varieties  vary  from  this  description  in  a  marked  de- 
gree in  one  or  more  particulars.  No  one  variety  has  been  found  which 
possesses  all  good  qualities.  Varieties  with  remarkably  large  ears  ma- 
ture too  late;  very  early  maturing  varieties  do  not  give  large  yields,  nor 
do  those  with  exceptionally  small  cobs. 

Several  experiments  make  it  seem  probable  that  cross-breeding 
corn  will  usually  increase  the  yield.  It  is  undetermined  how  long  the 
improvement  may  continue. 

While  the  varieties  classed  as  early  maturing  do  not  give  so  large 
crops  as  the  medium  maturing  ones,  it  is  often  profitable  to  plant  a  few 
acres  with  such  varieties  for  use  in  the  early  autumn,  as  it  is  believed 
that  the  greater  palatability  of  the  new  crop  corn  more  than  counter- 
balances the  loss  from  lessened  quantity. 

The  results  of  many  trials  suggest  that  most  farmers  in  central 
Illinois  have  attached  undue  importance  to  early  planting  and  frequent 
cultivation,  and  have  done  harm  by  too  deep  cultivation  especially  after 
the  corn  has  made  a  fair  growth;  and  that  they  have  attached  quite  too 
little  importance  to  securing  a  uniform  stand,  with  at  least  12,000  stalks 
per  acre.  At  the  Station  good  yields  have  been  secured  from  planting 
any  time  in  May,  and  corn  planted  at  a  comparatively  late  date  has  re- 
quired less  cultivation  to  keep  the  ground  free  from  weeds.  A  good 
condition  of  the  soil  at  the  time  of  planting  is  more  important  than  early 
planting.  Thick  planting  reduces  the  size  of  the  ears;  but  larger  yields 
have  been  secured  in  many  trials  where  the  number  of  stalks  was  at  the 
rate  of  one  kernel  each  nine  inches  in  rows  three  feet  eight  inches 
apart  than  from  a  thinner  stand.  Little  or  no  gain  has  been  observed 
from  planting  in  drills  compared  with  planting  in  hills,  with  equal 
numbers  of  stalks  per  acre.  While  "  thinning  corn "  is  a  trouble- 
some process  it  is  probable  its  cost  would  often  be  abundantly  repaid 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN,     1892.  203 

The  weight  and  good  quality  of  the  stover  are  increased  by  rather  thick 
planting. 

At  the  Station  weeds  are  the  chief  enemy  of  the  corn  crop.  The 
soil  is  loose  enough  to  permit  ready  access  to  roots,  water,  and  air.  Deep 
plowing,  as  a  rule,  does  not  increase  the  yield.  Deep  cultivation  of  the 
corn  has  done  harm  generally.  Unusually  frequent  cultivation  has  not 
been  profitable.  That  method  of  cultivation  seems  best  which  most 
cheaply  prevents  the  growth  of  weeds  and  leaves  the  surface  of  the 
ground  comparatively  level  and  smooth,  with  the  least  possible  inter- 
ference with  the  roots. 

In  a  degree  greater  than  the  appearance  of  the  plant  would  indi- 
cate, the  percentage  of  solid  matter  in  the  corn  plant  is  small  during  the 
early  period  of  growth.  Both  the  percentage  and  the  actual  quantity  of 
solid  matter,  and  probably  the  food  value  of  the  plant  increase  until  it 
is  nearly  or  quite  mature.  It  may  be  profitable  in  many  cases  to  cut 
and  feed  the  crop  before  the  kernels  have  fairly  hardened,  but  there  is 
always  a  loss  of  possible  value  when  this  is  done.  The  obvious  danger 
of  loss  from  storms  and  by  the  dropping  of  leaves,  if  the  corn  is  left  until 
fully  ripe  before  it  is  cut  is  a  sufficient  reason  for  moderately  early  cut- 
ting; but  the  evidence  seems  conclusive  that  much  corn  is  cut  when  too 
immature,  and  this  whether  it  is  to  be  put  in  a  silo  or  fed  as  dried  fodder. 

G.  E.  MORROW,  A.  M.,  Agriculturist. 

F.  D.  GARDNER,  B.  S.,  Assistant  Agriculturist. 


All  communications  intended  for  the  Station  should  be  addressed, 
not  to  any  person,  but  to  the 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION,  CHAMPAIGN,  ILLINOIS. 

The  bulletins  of  the  Experiment  Station  will  be  sent  free  of  all 
charges  to  persons  interested  in  farming  who  may  request  that  they  be 
sent. 


204  BULLETIN    NO.   25.  [April,   1893. 


ORGANIZATION. 


BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

NELSON  W.  GRAHAM,  Carbondale,  President. 
JOHN  P.  ALTGELD,  Springfield,  Governor  of  Illinois. 
DAVID  GORE,   Springfield,  President  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 
HENRY  RAAB,  Springfield,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 
SAMUEL  A.  BULLARD,  Springfield.  FRANCIS  M.  McKAY,  Chicago. 

ALEXANDER  McLEAN,  Macomb.  RICHARD  P.  MORGAN,  Dwight. 

JOHN  H.  BRYANT,  Princeton.  JAMES.  E.  ARMSTRONG,  Chicago. 

N.  B.  MORRISON,  Odin.  ISAAC  S.  RAYMOND,  Sidney. 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTION  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  A.M.,  Champaign,  Professor  of  Agriculture,  President. 
E.  E.  CHESTER,  Champaign,  of  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

R.  T.  FRY,  Olney,  of  State  Horticultural  Society. 

H.  B.  CURLER,  DeKalb,  of  State  Dairymen's  Association. 

ISAAC  S.  RAYMOND,  Sidney,  Trustee  of  the  University. 

N.  B.  MORRISON,  Odin,  Trustee  of  the  University. 

THOMAS  J.  BURRILL,  Ph.D.,  Urbana,  Professor  of  Botany  and  Horticulture. 

STEPHEN  A.  FORBES,  Ph.D.,  Champaign,  Professor  of  Zoology  and  Entomology. 

EDWARD  H.  FARRINGTON,  M.S.,  Champaign,  Chemist  of  Station. 

THE  STATION  STAFF. 

GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  A.M.,  Agriculturist,  President  of  Board  of  Direction. 

WILLIAM  L.  PILLSBURY,  A.M.,  Champaign,  Secretary. 
THOMAS  J.  BURRILL,  Ph.D.,  Horticulturist  and  Botanist. 

EDWARD  H.  FARRINGTON,  M.S.,  Chemist. 
STEPHEN  A.  FORBES,  Ph.D.,  Consulting  Entomologist. 

DONALD  McINTOSH,  V.S.,  Consulting  Veterinarian. 

GEORGE  W.  McCLUER,  B.S.,  Assistant  Horticulturist. 

GEORGE  P.  CLINTON,  B.S.,  Assistant  Botanist. 

E.  K.  NELSON,  Assistant  Chemist. 
FRANK  D.  GARDNER,  B.S.,  Assistant  Agriculturist. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


